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95 Theses
The 95 Theses were a list of questions written by Martin Luther, which challenged the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church. They were posted on the door of the Church.
Absenteeism
regularly being absent from work
Allah
Only god in Islam
Anatomic realism
Teaching anatomy(leaning of the body) through artful visual pictures
apprenticeship
A system of training a new generation of people for a job that needs special training.
aqueduct
structure designed to transport water from one place to another, especially over long distances. It gave people more clean water which lead to fewer diseases.
astronomy
Study of stars and galaxy
Augustus Caesar
The first Roman emperor, known for expanding the empire, and the Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability in the Roman Empire.
barbarians
People who were considered uncivilized by the ancient Greeks and Romans. They were non-Greek-speaking people who lived outside the borders of the Roman Empire.
Bedouins
Nomads in Arabic peninsula.
Byzantine Empire
Continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire. Its capital was Constantinople and it was known for its strong government, Orthodox Christianity, and Greek and Roman culture and art architecture, literature, and philosophy. The empire faced invasions by barbarian tribes, and internal political struggles.
caliph/caliphate
religious and political leaders / land ruled by Caliph
chiaroscuro
Art technique that uses strong contrasts between light and dark in a painting to create a sense of depth and volume.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and a King of Spain and was a key figure in the Protestant Reformation.
city-states
independent political entities that emerged in ancient times, particularly in Greece and Italy. (like Tokyo, Newyork..etc but more independent)
civic
Related to city or citizen
Classical writings
ancient greek and roman writing
Colosseum
an entertainment venue, hosting gladiator fights, animal hunts, and even mock naval battles.
Constantinople
Capitol of Byzantine Empire
Copernicus
Proposed a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
Council of Trent
deal with challenges by Protestant Reformation
Crusades
A series of holy wars by European Christians and nobles to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
democracy
Government chose by voting
Diet of Worms
an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial Free City of Worms.
Eastern Orthodox Chritianity
developed from the Christianity of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine?)
emperor
ruler of an empire
Erasmus of Rotterdam
A humanist scholar who sought to reform society and apply the Bible to the politics
excommunication
Being expelled from the church
feudalism
It is the relationship between lords and vassals and the exchange of land for military service or protection. Political and social structure.
Five Pillars of Islam
Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage
freeman
Peasants who were free (not serfs)
Galileo Galilei
Used telescope to support heliocentric (Sun is in the middle) theory
Germanic tribes (Goths Visigoths, Ostrogoths)
Nomadic groups that invaded the Roman Empire from the North and East. They caused the fall of Rome.
Geocentric
A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets
Gothic cathedrals
Characterized by pointed arches, high ceilings, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows
guilds
Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests
Johan Gutenberg
Invented the printing press
Hagia Sophia
A large mosque built in Byzantine empire by emperor Justinian
heliocentric
The sun is in the middle and earth is going around it theory
heresy
an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred
House of Wisdom
Grand Library of Baghdad in Abbasid empire
humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
imperialism
Theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power
indulgences
a thing that reduces your bad behavior by the sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, before God punish you.
Islam
Submission to the will of Allah
Jerusalem
A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.
Kabba
The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca
Kievan Rus
The vikings from the north who became one of the first Russian.
knight
A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier.
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect
manor
a lord's land in feudal Europe
manorialism
It is a system of lords and vassals providing land and protection to serfs in exchange for products
Martin Luther
German monk who started the reformation
scribe
a person who writes things down
serf
A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord
Shi’a/Shiite
Sect of Islam which makes up 10% of the world's Muslims (mostly Iranian)
Simony
The selling of church offices
Suleyman
Ruled Ottoman Empire for 46 years and when it was at its height, he was also called "The Magnificent", spread the empire, many cultural interests, reformed government, and laws
Sunni
A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad
Tithes
10% church tax each year for the support of the church and clergy.
Johann Tetzel
Raised money by selling indulgences for building of St. Peter's
Mecca
\n the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace
de Medici family
an art-loving family of wealthy bankers who helped fund the renaissance
Medina
city of the prophet
mercenaries
hired soldiers who fought for pay
merchants
A person who makes money by selling goods
Michelangelo
(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Middle Ages
the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.
migration
movement of people from one place to another
Mohammad
Prophet of Allah; founder of Islam.
monasteries
Religious community where Christians called monks gave up their possessions and devoted their lives to serving God.
mosaic
picture made from chips of colored stone or glass
mosque
A Muslim place of worship
Muslim
Follower of Islam
Niccolo Machiavelli
Italian diplomat, author, philosopher and historian who lived during the Renaissance. He is best known for his political treatise The Prince.
pagans
A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times, like the Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans
Trades (blacksmith, baker, weaver,...)
skill job or careers, like blacksmith, weaver, silversmith, baker, glassblowing
Trajan (emperor)
Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent.
Twelve Tables
Rome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C.
Vassal
a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior
vernacular
Everyday language of ordinary people, like Vietnamese, French, English, Romanian, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean but not Latin.
Patron
a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, or cause.
Pax Romana
The time of peace in Roman empire which Augustus created
Peasants
Lower class people who has to work
Philosopher
People who learn about ethics
pilgrimage
Journey to a sacred place
pirates
a person who attacks and robs ships at sea.
polymath
a person of wide knowledge or learning
Pope Leo X
Pope of the Catholic church he was taking advantage of the church and used the money of the church for his own things and not the people in need.
Pope Urban II
Pope of Catholic church. He created crusades.
Printing press
First printer made by Johannes Gutenberg. It allowed people to spread their ideas faster and easier to more people with cheaper price.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
purgatory
A place of temporary punishment
recant
to withdraw a statement or belief to which one has previously been committed, renounce, retract
Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
Richard I
King of England
Roman Catholic Church
the Christian church headed by the pope in Rome
saga
a long story of heroic achievement
Saladin
founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. He defeated a massive army of Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and captured the city of Jerusalem
salvation
acceptance into heaven
Note
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