Grade 7 - 2023-2024 / Exam Vocabulary Guid

If you can, please help me finish this flash card!

95 Theses

The 95 Theses were a list of questions written by Martin Luther, which challenged the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church. They were posted on the door of the Church.

Absenteeism

regularly being absent from work

Allah

Only god in Islam

Anatomic realism

Teaching anatomy(leaning of the body) through artful visual pictures

apprenticeship

A system of training a new generation of people for a job that needs special training.

aqueduct

structure designed to transport water from one place to another, especially over long distances. It gave people more clean water which lead to fewer diseases.

astronomy

Study of stars and galaxy

Augustus Caesar

The first Roman emperor, known for expanding the empire, and the Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability in the Roman Empire.

barbarians

People who were considered uncivilized by the ancient Greeks and Romans. They were non-Greek-speaking people who lived outside the borders of the Roman Empire.

Bedouins

Nomads in Arabic peninsula.

Byzantine Empire

Continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire. Its capital was Constantinople and it was known for its strong government, Orthodox Christianity, and Greek and Roman culture and art architecture, literature, and philosophy. The empire faced invasions by barbarian tribes, and internal political struggles.

caliph/caliphate

religious and political leaders / land ruled by Caliph

chiaroscuro

Art technique that uses strong contrasts between light and dark in a painting to create a sense of depth and volume.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and a King of Spain and was a key figure in the Protestant Reformation.

city-states

independent political entities that emerged in ancient times, particularly in Greece and Italy. (like Tokyo, Newyork..etc but more independent)

civic

Related to city or citizen

Classical writings

ancient greek and roman writing

Colosseum

an entertainment venue, hosting gladiator fights, animal hunts, and even mock naval battles.

Constantinople

Capitol of Byzantine Empire

Copernicus

Proposed a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Council of Trent

deal with challenges by Protestant Reformation

Crusades

A series of holy wars by European Christians and nobles to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

democracy

Government chose by voting

Diet of Worms

an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial Free City of Worms.

Eastern Orthodox Chritianity

developed from the Christianity of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine?)

emperor

ruler of an empire

Erasmus of Rotterdam

A humanist scholar who sought to reform society and apply the Bible to the politics

excommunication

Being expelled from the church

feudalism

It is the relationship between lords and vassals and the exchange of land for military service or protection. Political and social structure.

Five Pillars of Islam

Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage

freeman

Peasants who were free (not serfs)

Galileo Galilei

Used telescope to support heliocentric (Sun is in the middle) theory

Germanic tribes (Goths Visigoths, Ostrogoths)

Nomadic groups that invaded the Roman Empire from the North and East. They caused the fall of Rome.

Geocentric

A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets

Gothic cathedrals

Characterized by pointed arches, high ceilings, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows

guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Johan Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

Hagia Sophia

A large mosque built in Byzantine empire by emperor Justinian

heliocentric

The sun is in the middle and earth is going around it theory

heresy

an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred

House of Wisdom

Grand Library of Baghdad in Abbasid empire

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

imperialism

Theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power

indulgences

a thing that reduces your bad behavior by the sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, before God punish you.

Islam

Submission to the will of Allah

Jerusalem

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

Kabba

The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

Kievan Rus

The vikings from the north who became one of the first Russian.

knight

A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

manor

a lord's land in feudal Europe

manorialism

It is a system of lords and vassals providing land and protection to serfs in exchange for products

Martin Luther

German monk who started the reformation

scribe

a person who writes things down

serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

Shi’a/Shiite

Sect of Islam which makes up 10% of the world's Muslims (mostly Iranian)

Simony

The selling of church offices

Suleyman

Ruled Ottoman Empire for 46 years and when it was at its height, he was also called "The Magnificent", spread the empire, many cultural interests, reformed government, and laws

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Tithes

10% church tax each year for the support of the church and clergy.

Johann Tetzel

Raised money by selling indulgences for building of St. Peter's

Mecca

\n the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace

de Medici family

an art-loving family of wealthy bankers who helped fund the renaissance

Medina

city of the prophet

mercenaries

hired soldiers who fought for pay

merchants

A person who makes money by selling goods

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Middle Ages

the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

migration

movement of people from one place to another

Mohammad

Prophet of Allah; founder of Islam.

monasteries

Religious community where Christians called monks gave up their possessions and devoted their lives to serving God.

mosaic

picture made from chips of colored stone or glass

mosque

A Muslim place of worship

Muslim

Follower of Islam

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian diplomat, author, philosopher and historian who lived during the Renaissance. He is best known for his political treatise The Prince.

pagans

A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times, like the Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans

Trades (blacksmith, baker, weaver,...)

skill job or careers, like blacksmith, weaver, silversmith, baker, glassblowing

Trajan (emperor)

Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent.

Twelve Tables

Rome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C.

Vassal

a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior

vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people, like Vietnamese, French, English, Romanian, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean but not Latin.

Patron

a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, or cause.

Pax Romana

The time of peace in Roman empire which Augustus created

Peasants

Lower class people who has to work

Philosopher

People who learn about ethics

pilgrimage

Journey to a sacred place

pirates

a person who attacks and robs ships at sea.

polymath

a person of wide knowledge or learning

Pope Leo X

Pope of the Catholic church he was taking advantage of the church and used the money of the church for his own things and not the people in need.

Pope Urban II

Pope of Catholic church. He created crusades.

Printing press

First printer made by Johannes Gutenberg. It allowed people to spread their ideas faster and easier to more people with cheaper price.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

purgatory

A place of temporary punishment

recant

to withdraw a statement or belief to which one has previously been committed, renounce, retract

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Richard I

King of England

Roman Catholic Church

the Christian church headed by the pope in Rome

saga

a long story of heroic achievement

Saladin

founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. He defeated a massive army of Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and captured the city of Jerusalem

salvation

acceptance into heaven