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Metabolism consists of
Respiration, Digestive, Circulation, and Excretion
Anatomy
is the study of the structure of body parts - their forms and how they are organized.
Physiology
is the study of the function of body parts - what they do and how they do it.
MANTRA in anatomy
form fits function
Levels of Organization
1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Macromolecules
4. Cells
5. Tissues
6. Organs
7. Organ System
8. Organism
What are the 5 charactersits all life share?
Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Movement, and Metabolism
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy production and nutrient cycling
Anabolism
Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones (make bigger molecules)
Catabolism
Break down of larger molecules (make smaller)
Environmental requirements to maintain life are
Chemicals, Food, Heat, and Pressure.
What is the most abundant chemical in all living systems?
Water
Homeostasis
condition of maintaining a stable internal environment.
Receptors
provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment.
Set point
tells what a particular value should be, such as temperature at 98.6 F
Effector
bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.
Steps of homeostatic control
1. Receptors measure deviations from the set point
2. Effectors are activated that can return conditions to normal.
3. As conditions return to normal the deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effectors slowly shut down
Negative feedback
A process that brings conditions back into a normal state
Positive feedback
A process that moves conditions away from the normal state is called
What are the two portions the body can be divided into?
Axial and Appendicular
Axial:
which includes the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
which includes the upper and lower limbs
Cranial Cavity
houses the brains
Vertebral Canal
contains the spinal cord within the sections of the backbone
Thoracic Cavity
wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscle, and various bones
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The space between the diaphragm and the pelvic outlet contains the abdominal and pelvic organs.
Diaphragm
separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Mediastinum
Forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity.
Mediastinum contains _____
thoracic cavity viscera: the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.
Abdominal Cavity
includes the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines
Pelvic cavity
the portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones contains the urinary bladder, large intestines, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes
Oral cavity
containing the teeth and tongue
Nasal cavity
located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by nasal septum.
Orbital cavities
containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves.
Middle ear cavities
containing the middle ear bones
Parietal (Outside layer or first layer)
refers to the membrane attached to the wall of a cavity
Visceral
refers to the membrane that is deeper- towards the interior-and covers an internal organ
parietal pleural (outside layer)
The compartments that contain the lungs on either side of the mediastinum are lined with a membrane
visceral pleural (inside layer)
covers each lung
Pleural membranes
separated by a thin layer of watery fluid
Pericardial Membranes
membranes in the pericardial cavity (walls)
Visceral Pericardium
covers the heart surface
Parietal pericardium
separated by the visceral pericardium by a small volume of fluid
Pericardial cavity
Potential space between these membranes
parietal peritoneum
covers the wall
Visceral peritoneum
covers each organ in the abdominal cavity
Peritoneal Cavity
is the potential space between other abdominopelvic membranes
List the organ systems
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
Superior
on top
Interior
n bottom
Anterior
front half of the body
Posterior
back half of the body
Medial
towards the middle of the body
Lateral
away from the midline or middle of the body
Bilateral
paired structures, one of each pair on each side of the body
Ipslilateral
on the same side of the body
Contralateral
on opposite sides of the body
Proximal
towards body (only on limbs)
Distal
away from the body (only on limbs)
Superficial
near or towards the surface (skin)
Deep
more internal (deeper) than superficial parts
Sagittal
plane goes through middle/midline of the body and creates left and right portions (creates medial and lateral)
Transverse
plane that divides body into top and bottom half (superficial and inferior)
Frontal
plane that divides body into top and bottom half (superfical and inferior)
plane that divides body into front and back portions (anterior and posterior)