Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology

Metabolism consists of

Respiration, Digestive, Circulation, and Excretion

Anatomy

is the study of the structure of body parts - their forms and how they are organized.

Physiology

is the study of the function of body parts - what they do and how they do it.

MANTRA in anatomy

form fits function

Levels of Organization

1. Atoms

2. Molecules

3. Macromolecules

4. Cells

5. Tissues

6. Organs

7. Organ System

8. Organism

What are the 5 charactersits all life share?

Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Movement, and Metabolism

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy production and nutrient cycling

Anabolism

Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones (make bigger molecules)

Catabolism

Break down of larger molecules (make smaller)

Environmental requirements to maintain life are

Chemicals, Food, Heat, and Pressure.

What is the most abundant chemical in all living systems?

Water

Homeostasis

condition of maintaining a stable internal environment.

Receptors

provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment.

Set point

tells what a particular value should be, such as temperature at 98.6 F

Effector

bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.

Steps of homeostatic control

1. Receptors measure deviations from the set point

2. Effectors are activated that can return conditions to normal.

3. As conditions return to normal the deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effectors slowly shut down

Negative feedback

A process that brings conditions back into a normal state

Positive feedback

A process that moves conditions away from the normal state is called

What are the two portions the body can be divided into?

Axial and Appendicular

Axial:

which includes the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

which includes the upper and lower limbs

Cranial Cavity

houses the brains

Vertebral Canal

contains the spinal cord within the sections of the backbone

Thoracic Cavity

wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscle, and various bones

Abdominopelvic Cavity

The space between the diaphragm and the pelvic outlet contains the abdominal and pelvic organs.

Diaphragm

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Mediastinum

Forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity.

Mediastinum contains _____

thoracic cavity viscera: the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.

Abdominal Cavity

includes the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines

Pelvic cavity

the portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones contains the urinary bladder, large intestines, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes

Oral cavity

containing the teeth and tongue

Nasal cavity

located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by nasal septum.

Orbital cavities

containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves.

Middle ear cavities

containing the middle ear bones

Parietal (Outside layer or first layer)

refers to the membrane attached to the wall of a cavity

Visceral

refers to the membrane that is deeper- towards the interior-and covers an internal organ

parietal pleural (outside layer)

The compartments that contain the lungs on either side of the mediastinum are lined with a membrane

visceral pleural (inside layer)

covers each lung

Pleural membranes

separated by a thin layer of watery fluid

Pericardial Membranes

membranes in the pericardial cavity (walls)

Visceral Pericardium

covers the heart surface

Parietal pericardium

separated by the visceral pericardium by a small volume of fluid

Pericardial cavity

Potential space between these membranes

parietal peritoneum

covers the wall

Visceral peritoneum

covers each organ in the abdominal cavity

Peritoneal Cavity

is the potential space between other abdominopelvic membranes

List the organ systems

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

Superior

on top

Interior

n bottom

Anterior

front half of the body

Posterior

back half of the body

Medial

towards the middle of the body

Lateral

away from the midline or middle of the body

Bilateral

paired structures, one of each pair on each side of the body

Ipslilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

on opposite sides of the body

Proximal

towards body (only on limbs)

Distal

away from the body (only on limbs)

Superficial

near or towards the surface (skin)

Deep

more internal (deeper) than superficial parts

Sagittal

plane goes through middle/midline of the body and creates left and right portions (creates medial and lateral)

Transverse

plane that divides body into top and bottom half (superficial and inferior)

Frontal

plane that divides body into top and bottom half (superfical and inferior)

plane that divides body into front and back portions (anterior and posterior)