JSU- OB- Chapter 16

Managing Change and Stress

Outcomes

The success of change initiatives are measured in terms of __________.

attitude

tendencies to respond either favorably or unfavorably to a given object or situation

external forces for change

originate outside the organization

external forces for change

Demographic characteristics, technological advancements, shareholder, customer, and market changes, social, political, and regulatory all describe what

internal forces for change

come from inside the organization

adaptive change

reintroduces a familiar practice either in a different unit or in the same unit at a different point in time

innovative change

introduces a practice that is new to the organization

radically innovative change

introduces a practice that is new to the industry

unfreezing

In the _________ stage, the purpose is creating motivation to change.

changing

In the ______ stage, you provide employees with new information, new behavioral models, new processes or procedures, new equipment, new technology, or new ways of getting the job done

refreezing

In the _______ stage, you support and reinforce the change.

systems

The _______ approach to change is based on the notion that any change, no matter how small or large, has ripple effects.

change; change

_____ creates additional _______.

the systems model of change

shows a practical approach that can diagnose what to change and how to evaluate the success of a change effort

mission statements

expresses the reason an organization exists

vision

a compelling fufure state for an organization

readiness for change

the strength of our beliefs and attitudes about to the extent in which changes are needed and our capacity to successfully implement them

strategic plan

outlines an organizations long term direction and the actions necessary to achieved planned results

target elements of change

the compenents of an organization that can be changed

target elements of change

organizational arrangements, social factors, methods, and people are what?

Change

_______ ripples across an organization.

Goals/Results

_________ are the final piece of the process model of change and should be consistent with an organizations strategic plan.

John Kotter

________ belives that organizational change often fails not because of inadequet planning but because of ineffective implimentation.

John Kotter

________ proposed an eight step process for leading change.

Establish a sense of urgency.

What is step 1 in Koffers Eight Steps to learning organizational chhange?

create the guiding coillition

What is step 2 of the organizational change steps?

Develop a vision and strategy

What is step 3 in the organizational change steps?

communicate the change vision

What is step 4 in the organizational change steps?

empower broad based action

What is step 5 in the organizational change steps?

generate short term wins

What is step 6 in the organizational change steps?

consolidate change and produce more gains

What is step 7 of the organizational change steps?

Anchor new approaches in the culture

What is step 8 of the organizational change steps?

behaviors and activities

The value of Koffers approcah to change are recommendations about specific ______ and __________.

• diagnose

• intervention

• evaluation

• feedback

What are the 4 steps in organizational development (OD)?

Diagnose

What stage of organizational development do you ask What is the problem and its causes?

Intervention

What stage of organizational development do you ask what can be done to solve the problem?

Evaluation

What stage of organizational development do you ask is the intervention working?

Feedback

What stage of organizational development do you ask what does the evalutatoin suggest about the diagnoses and the effectiveness of the intervention.

resistance to change

any thought, emotion, or behavior that does not align with actual or potential changes to existing routiness

resistance

If you are going to effectively manage change then you have to understand and manage ________

dispositional resistance to change

a stable personality trait, are less likely to voluntarily initiate changes and are more likely to form negative attitudes towards the changes they encounter

actions

engaging in new behaviors

inactions

failure to engage in new behaviors

recipient characteristics

dispositional resistance to change, surprise and fear of the unknown, fear of failure, peer pressure and past success are all examples of what>

a change agent

someone who is a catalyst in helping organizations deal with old problems in new ways

job stress

the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or the needs of the worker

eustress

stress associated with positive emotions and outcomes

stressors

factors that produce stress

• individual

• group

• organizational

• extra-organizational

What are the 4 types of stressors?

The 4 types of stressors

Individual, group, organizational, extra-organizational describe what?

fatigue

a prolonged state or physical and mental exhaustion that cannot simply be remedied by a good nights sleep

tiredness

typically physical and short-termed and is resolved by rest and sleep

fatigue

feelings of depression and/or anxiety and difficulties concentrating are signs of what

presenteeism

occurs when employees show up and are sick or are in no shape to work productively

primary appraisals

your perceptions of wheather a stressor is relevant, positive, or negative

secondary appraisals

your perceptions to how able you afre to cope with a given demand

control strategy

consists of behaviors or cognitions that directly anticipate or solve problems

escape strategies

those in which you avoid or ignore stressors

system management strategies

focus on reducing the symptoms of stress

Stress

____ can decrease job satisfaction, organizational commitment, positive emotions and performance.

confronting and overcoming failures

Talking about it, failing productively, and choosing your audience are all ways to do what?

overcome resistance to change

Respond to employee characteristics, improving change-agent employee relationships, implement organizational processes and practices, take a contingency approach to overcoming resistance are ways to do what?

• reward systems

• productivity

• job dissatisfaction

Select internal forces of change.

external

Forces that originate outside of the organization are:

Internal

__________ forces for change come from inside the organization.

• adaptive

• innovative

• radically innovative

Select the three types of organizational change.

1- Unfreezing

2-Changing

3- Refreezing

List the steps in Lewin's Model of Change with the first step on top.

• social

• political

Which of the following external pressures can be strong enough to force change in business practices?

mission statement

What is exemplified by Instagram's statement "To capture and share the world's moments"?

• cause its demise

• provide opportunities to grow

Which of the following can external forces for change do to a company?

change

Kotter proposed an eight-step process for leading organizational ______.

internal forces for change

Human resource problems and managerial behaviors are examples of

diagnosis

The component of OD that looks for problems and causes is called ______.

• Complexity

• Cost

• Uncertainty

To which degree do the three general types of organizational change differ? (Check all that apply.)

resistance to change

Any thought, emotion, or behavior that does not align with changes to existing routines is called:

• changing

• unfreezing

• refreezing

Select the stages in Lewin's change model.

the relationships between the change recipients and change agents

The expanded view of resistance states that it is caused by the interaction between the changer, the change recipient, and:

mission statement

What is the blurb that states the reason for the organization's existence?

• Recipients' inactions

• Recipients' actions

• The quality of agent's relationship with recipients

Which of the following influence a change agent's actions and perceptions? (Check all that apply.)

implementation

Kotter believes that change most often fails not because of poor planning but because of ineffective ________.

True

True or false: Job stress means different things for different people.

evaluation

Determining whether an intervention is working is the component of OD called ________.

eustress

Stress that is associated with positive emotions and outcomes is called:

resistance to change

The notion that people resist both actual and potential events is known as:

• extra-organizational

• group

• organizational

• individual

A model of occupational stress suggests that potential stressors can be at which levels?

True

True or false: Some change experts believe that resistance does not reside solely within the individual employee; they contend that it is a result of the context in which change occurs.

• the change agent

• the relationship between the change agent and the recipient

• the recipients of change

What are the three causes of resistance to change?

stress

What is the term used to describe the harmful physical and emotional response that results when one's capabilities, resources, or needs do not match the requirements of the job?

Stressors

________ are factors that produce stress

• it can have positive consequences

• it can be managed

• stress is inevitable

Which of the following statements about stress are accurate?

• Gain another person's perspective.

• Own your mistakes.

• Recognize your vulnerabilities.

What can be achieved by talking about a failure?

individual

Role conflict, role ambiguity, and job security are examples of stressors at what level?

the relationships between the change recipients and change agents

The expanded view of resistance states that it is caused by the interaction between the changer, the change recipient, and:

• as an aid during the strategic planning process

• as a way to identify targets of change

What are the two methods for applying the systems model of change?

• The quality of agent's relationship with recipients

• Recipients' actions

• Recipients' inactions

Which of the following influence a change agent's actions and perceptions? (Check all that apply.)

• use employee feedback

• solicit employees' opinions

• modify targeted elements of change

What are some actions that organizations can take to achieve the desired change outcomes?

True

True/False: Stressors can occur at the individual, group, organizational, and extra-organizational levels.

Lead by example.

What should managers do when it comes to stress reduction?

• Fail productively.

• Talk about it.

• Choose who you share it with.

When confronting failure, what do experts suggest you do?

• group

• individual

• extra-organizational

• organizational

A model of occupational stress suggests that potential stressors can be at which levels?