History exam you finna SMASHH

Recall

Allows voters to remove officials from office before the end of their term

Initiative

Enables citizens to propose new laws

Direct Primary

Election in which voters cast ballots to select nominees for upcoming elections

Referendum

Citizens approve or reject a law passed by the legislature

Conservationists

People concerned with the care & protection of the environment

Muckrakers

Journalists/writers who uncovered problems in politics or businesses during the Progressive Era

Suffragists

People who support women voting

Social Welfare Programs

Created to help ensure a basic standard of living

Home Rule

Allowed a limited degree of self-government for cities

Progressive/Bull-Moose

TR ran for POTUS as a candidate of which party in 1912?

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic candidate and winner of the election of 1912

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist candidate in the Election of 1912

New Freedom

Wilson's reform policy that was against big business and big government

New Nationalism

TR's Progressive ideas that dealt with inheritance taxes, election reforms, regulating businesses...

The Jungle

Book that led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food & Drug Act in 1906

NAWSA

Woman's group that formed in 1890 to pursue women's rights

Robert La Follette

"Fighting Bob" and three-time Progressive Governor of Wisconsin

Hull House

1st & most famous settlement house; located in Chicago and started by Jane Addams

Panama Canal

Built by the U.S. to cut travel time between the Atlantic & Pacific

Roosevelt Corollary

Established the U.S. as an "international police power"

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's foreign policy; based on economic investment

John J. Pershing

American General known as "Black Jack" who was sent by President Wilson to capture Pancho Villa with 5,000 men

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th Amendment

Granted women suffrage

16th Amendment

Allowed Federal government to levy an income tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of Senators

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th Amendment

Square Deal

TR's domestic program; included the 3 C's...

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate in the Election of 1908 (final time running for POTUS)

Federal Reserve System

Wilson created this to try to prevent bank failures by monitoring the amount of money in circulation

Trustbuster

Nickname for TR because he enforced the Sherman Act

World War I

The Progressive Era ended when the U.S. entered this in 1917

Breaker Boys

John Spargo's "Bitter Cry of the Children" exposed the working conditions of this group of workers in the mines

Ida Tarbell

Progressive journalist who attacked John D. Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Company

Louis D. Brandeis

Progressive known as the "People's Lawyer" and was the 1st Jewish member on the Supreme Court

William H. Taft

Born in Ohio, graduated from Yale, and became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

TR

Governor of NY and graduated from Harvard

Wilson

President of Princeton, Governor of New Jersey, and earned a PhD from Johns Hopkins

Progressivism

Movement from 1890-1920 to help fix society's problems, especially those caused by industrialization, immigration, and urbanization

Captains of Industry

Term for industrialists who created jobs, expanded markets, perfected technologies, worked hard, & deserved their money

Robber Baron

Term for industrialists who built their fortune by stealing from the public, cut corners, polluted the environment, treated workers poorly and/or poor working conditions

Andrew Carnegie

Steel tycoon who was born in Scotland, but created a company in Pittsburgh

John D. Rockefeller

Oil tycoon who started the first great American Trust, Standard Oil

Ellis Island

Place where immigrants were inspected near NY Harbor; opened in 1892 & closed in 1954

New or Undesirable

Immigrants who came after the Civil War and were mostly from S & E Europe

Old or Desirable

Immigrants from N & W Europe who came with some money or education

Immigrant Ghetto

Neighborhoods where immigrants recreated their old way of life & spoke their native language

Chinese Exclusion Act

Passed in 1892 under Chester Arthur's administration and remained in effect until 1943

Immigration Restriction League

Started by 5 Harvard Alumni who wanted to screen immigrants using a literacy test to separate the "desirables" from the "undesirables"

Knights of Labor

Union for ALL workers: skilled, unskilled, black, white, men, women

Scab

Replacement worker or strikebreaker

Blacklist

Records kept of "troublemaker" employees

Eugene V. Debs

The 1894 Pullman Strike collapsed after this A.R.U. leader was arrested

"Bread & Butter" Issues

Goals of the AFofL: decrease hours, increase wages, & better working conditions

American Federation of Labor (AFofL)

Union for ONLY skilled workers/craftsmen

Yellow Dog Contract

Used to get workers to swear they would never join a union or participate in a strike

Homestead Strike

Henry Frick shut down Carnegie's company and called in the Pinkerton guards, ultimately crushing the union in 1892

Haymarket Square Riot

Chicago 1886: bomb thrown at police, 8 anarchists arrested, and membership in the KOL declined as a result of this strike

Samuel Gompers

1st President of the American Federation of Labor (AFofL)

Laissez Faire

Hands-off approach by the government on business matters; allowed businesses to operate freely during Gilded Age

Angel Island

Place where immigrants were inspected on the West Coast (California)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Passed in 1890 to try to outlaw monopolies, but at first, was being used against labor unions instead

Social Darwinism

Industrialists used this philosophy to justify their ruthless business tactics, believing the rich succeed because they were the most "fit"

Wobblies

Members of the I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World), a radical union that supported violence & strikes

Collective Bargaining

When workers negotiate as a group with their employer or boss

Labor Contracts

Used to recruit immigrants to the U.S.; employers pay for passage and later deduct cost from wages

Horizontal Consolidation

Combines firms in the same business to make 1 big company (used by JDR)

Railroad Strike of 1877

The nation's 1st major strike: workers were angered by a series of wages cuts, and ended when President Hayes sent in federal troops

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's belief that people were free to make as much money as possible, but then they need to give it away

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or service after buying out competitors; usually results in higher prices

Socialism

Economic/Political system where the government controls the production and distribution resulting with everyone getting an "equal" share

Pendelton Act

Chester Arthur's greatest accomplishment as President, it ended the "Spoils System"

William Tweed

Democratic Party "Boss" in NYC who ran Tammany Hall & was very corrupt

Political Machine

Often targeting immigrants, this is an organization that tries to keep a particular party in power by an exchange of favors

Vertical Consolidation

Controlling all the phases of production in a particular industry "mine to market" (used by AC)

Jacob Coxey

He led an "army" in 1894 on a march to Washington demanding the government create jobs for the unemployed

Mark Twain

He coined the phrase "Gilded Age" describing U.S. society from 1877-1900

Push Factors

Political persecution, economic problems/poverty, famine/crop failures, pogroms, shortage of land, high taxes

Pull Factors

Dream of getting rich, free government land, personal & religious freedoms

Philanthropy

Donating wealth to better society or to worthy causes (education, museums, libraries, etc.)

Teller Amendment

Announced the U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba after Spain's defeat

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate in 1896 & 1900; supported free silver & was an anti-imperialist

"Cross of Gold"

Speech given by William Jennings Bryan

William McKinley

Republican candidate in 1896 & 1900; supported the gold standard and imperialism

Isolationism

U.S. foreign policy pre S-A War; policy of non-involvment in world affairs

Imperialism

Policy of establishing colonies and building an empire by controlling the politics/economy of a weaker country

Social Darwinism

Justifies U.S. expansion; nations struggle for existence and only the fittest survive, thus the U.S. needed to expand or could be taken over

Manifest Destiny

Spread the virtues of Democracy and Christianity to uncivilized places of the world

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote the Influence of Sea Power Upon History stressing the need for a strong navy and naval bases

Hawaii

U.S. forcefully annexed this in 1898 because we desired a naval base (established Pearl Harbor)

Yellow Press/Journalism

Sensationalize stories to attract readers, especially used by publishers Hearst and Pulitzer

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. made negative comments about President McKinley; one of the reasons why the U.S. declared war vs. Spain

U.S.S. Maine

Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898; U.S. blamed Spain; one of the reasons why the U.S. declared war vs. Spain

Spanish-American War

Short war; only 385 battle deaths, but more than 5,000 died from disease

Philippine Insurrection

Long & bloody war; over 4,000 Americans died and cost the U.S. more than $600 million

NAACP

Interracial organization designed to abolish segregation & discrimination; includes a magazine called The Crisis

Cuba

War began because of events here; U.S. goal was to capture Santiago

Philippine Islands

War began here because they were not given their independence; capital is Manila

Yellow Fever

Tropical disease spread by mosquitoes and killed many Americans

Imperialists

Supported acquiring the Philippines because: it would help our economy by having new markets, it's part of our 2nd Manifest Destiny, stop European expansion, they couldn't govern themselves...