Psyc1004 exam 1

psychology

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

behavior

objectively observable reaction

1/3 rule

1/3 counselors/clinicians

1/3 faculty (teaching and research)

1/3 other areas

industrial psychology

psychology in the workplace, assessing companies and teams

precursors to psychology

aristotle

descartes

aristotle

importance of observing, need stimulation/experiences to learn

descartes

much of human behavior is reflexive, but humans also possess a mind (not reflexive)

mind-body dualism

first psychologists

wilhelm wundt

william james

wilhelm wundt

first psychology researcher/lab

structuralism using introspection

structuralism

immediate conscious experience

william james

functionalism

emphasize behavior and practical applications

functionalism

how the mind works and why we behave the way we do

overall bias

an inclination of outlook/unreasoned judgement

statistical / methods bias

deviation of expected value

systematic error by favoring an outcome

psychodynamic perspective

freud

unconscious mind

behaviorist perspective

conditioning and learning

observable, learned behavior

skinner

humanistic perspective

self actualization

cognitive perspective

focus on what is happening in the mind

thoughts, information processing, memory

neuroscience perspective

influence of nervous system on behavior

sociocultural perspective

influence of other people on behavior

what is not science

putting pieces of a puzzle tg to find the big picture

unravelling peels of an onion

the tip of the iceburg

because they all assume there is a large body of facts to uncover and know everything about

what is science actually

a magic well

ripples in a pond

unending

falsifiability

scientific claims are capable of being falsified

claim should have the possibility of being proved untrue

independent variable

manipulated variable

dependent variable

outcome

confounding variable

external unrelated factors

control

unmodified data set

why do like people attract

easier to make connections and agree

bystander effect

when there are more people around, individuals feel less responsible

diffusion of responsibility

diffusion of responsibility

when many people assume someone else will take action

OHDAC

observation, hypothesis, design, analyze, conclusion

observation

what you test

hypothesis

must be falsifiable

based on a theory

tentative statement about relationship of variables

theory

collection of interrelated ideas and observations to explain and predict

design

identify variables and how to define and measure them

analyze

collect and analyze data

empiricism

empiricism

observation and collecting data (requires statistics)

freud did not

science is this

conclusion

was the hypothesis correct

basic psychology

using scientific method to gain knowledge about psych topics

to satisfy curiosity and learn

applied psychology

using knowledge to solve/prevent human problems

sensory neurons

afferent to the brain

afferent

ascending (to the brain)

motor neurons

efferent from brain

efferent

from the brain, descending

interneurons

connect sensory and motor neurons

dendrites

review messages from other neurons’ terminals

soma

body

axon

has myelin sheath, transmits electrical empulses

myelin sheath

helps axon, made of fats

synaptic terminals

store neurotransmitters, releases to other neurons

action potential

all or none law

either neuron fires or it deosnt

all the same level/strength

axon at rest

not firing

inside is K, outside is Na (negative charge)

axon firing

inside now positively charged

permeability changes (Na goes in)

depolarization (K goes out)

synaptic transmission

neurotransmitters from terminals jump to dendrites over synaptic gaps

neurotransmitters

seratonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, gaba

seratonin

sleep, apetite, bodily functions

antidepressants increase effect

dopamine

emotions, pleasure, movement

schizophrenia (too much)

parkinsons (too little)

norepinepherine

emotional arousal/energy

acetylcholine

memory and learning (alzheimers)

muscle activity (botox)

glutamate

exitatory

memory and learning

gaba

inhibitory, depressant

alcohol enhances

dog benefits

decreases cortisol (stress)

increases oxytocin (inc social bonds, dec BP)

phsycial activity

peripheral nevrous system

somatic and autonomic

somatic

body

voluntary

sensory and motor

autonomic

automatic processes

can’t take away but can add to

sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic

fight or flight

increase activity, relax bladder, dilate pupils

parasympathetic

normal operations, calms body

decreases activity, more saliva

central nervous system

spinal cord, brain

spinal cord

reflex responses, relay to/from brain

brain

lower (hind and mid) and cerebral cortex

hind and mid brain

basic life

cerebellum, MPRF, midbrain

cerebellum

balance

MPRF

living

midbrain

vision, auditory

forebrain

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

thalamus

relay info

hypothalamus

homeostasis, automatic

hippocampus

memory and learning

amygdala

emotion

limbic system

hippocampus and amygdala

cerebral cortex

complex/abstract thgouht, huge surface area

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

frontal lobe

thoughts, planning, language production

parietal lobe

somatosensory, touch, spatial

occipital lobe

sight/vision

temporal lobe

hearing/auditory, language interpretation

brain helps inhibit behavior

phineas gage- frontal lobe removed, became mean and impulsive

plasticity

can respond to drastic change

jodie- seizure disorrder, hemispherectomy (right-normal, left-paralysis/speech)

cerebral laterization

2 halves, cross over

left- language specialization

right- spatial info, recognize wholes/context

Sensation

detection of stimuli

perception

organizes and interprets sensation

transduction

going from sensation to perception

figure ground

seeing things within boundaries as objects and distinguish from backbground

gestalt (whole)

law of proximity

law of similarity

law of continuity

law of closure

assimilation

incorporates nearby elements into objects’ boundary when assessing size

culture

seeing angular buildings vs lines

retina

cells lining the eye

made up of rods and cones

converts light to signals to process