chapter 24- microbial diseases of the respiratory system

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what are the 4 structures found in the upper respiratory system

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1

what are the 4 structures found in the upper respiratory system

nose

pharynx

middle ear

eustachian tubes

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2

… and … protect mucosal surfaces in the upper respiratory system

salvia and tears

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3

what are the 4 structures found in the lower respiratory system

larynx

trachea

bronchial tubes

alveoli

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4

… moves particles toward the throat via ciliary action

ciliary escalator

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5

… destroy microorganisms in the lungs

alveolar macrophages

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6

… protects mucosal surfaces in the lower respiratory system

respiratory mucus

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7

what is the medical term for sore throat

Pharyngitis

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8

what are the three microbial disease attaining to the lower respiratory system

bronchitis

bronchiolitis

pneumonia

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9

for the common cold there are over … different viruses identified

200

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10

what is the main type of virus associated with the common cold

rhinovirus

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11

rhinoviruses thrive in temperatures … than body temperature

lower

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12

what are the two modes of transport for influenza virus

droplet

indirect contact

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13

what are the 4 main symptoms of influenza flu

chills

fever

headache

muscle aches

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14

annual deaths in the United States is usually between … to …. for the influenza flu

3,000 to 50,000

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15

what are the 3 main strains of influenza flu

avian

swine

mammalian

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16

… spike binds to the sialic acid of the epithetic cells

hemagglutinin

<p>hemagglutinin</p>
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17

… spike will then remove sialic acid when the virus leaves the cell

neuraminidase

<p>neuraminidase</p>
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18

influenza virus has … genomic RNA segments

8

<p>8</p>
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19

each RNA virus has a … surrounding it

capsid

<p>capsid</p>
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20

(SHORT ANSWER QUESTION) explain the influenza virus pathway

  1. adhesion via hemagglutinin spike protein to sialic acid

  2. endocytosis

  3. fusion and un-coating

  4. RNA dependent RNA polymerase assists with replication to produce mRNA and vRNA

  5. protein synthesis

  6. assembly

  7. budding

  8. release, neuraminidase spike protein will remove sialic acid on way out

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21

antigenic drift is minor … changes

antigenic

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22

antigenic drift allows the virus to elude … host Immunity but antigenic shifts changes are great enough to evade … immunity

some, most

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23

an example of antigenic drift in the influenza virus

minor antigenic changes in HA and NA

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24

an example of antigenic shifts in the influenza virus

reassortment of the eight RNA segments

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25

what are the three branches of Orthomyxoviridae

influenza virus a

influenza virus b

influenza virus c

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26

influenza a host

wide range of hosts

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27

influenza b host

humans only

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28

influenza c host

humans and swine

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29

which subtype of influenza is the mildest

influenza c

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30

influenza reservoir

wild water birds

domestic chickens

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31

swine is known to be an …

antigenic mixer

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32

antigenic … is the cause of pandemic strains

shift

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33

antigenic … is not good for vaccines as they are regularly unanticipated

shift

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34

what is the one subtype of influenza virus we should know

H1N1

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35

… pandemics of influenza normally occur every century

3

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36

the influenza vaccine is known to be a … vaccine (for the most important strains)

multivalent

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37

composition of the influenza vaccine is determined annually by the..

identification of circulating viruses

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38

name 5 preventions for the spreading of influenza virus

wash your hands

wear a face mask/ respirator

wear a nanomask

clean surfaces frequently

cook your chicken and eggs properly

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39

what bacteria causes tuberculosis

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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40

mycobacterium tuberculosis is … (two morphology characters)

acid fast

rod shape

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41

mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate …

aerobe

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42

…-hour generation time

20

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43

what in the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis makes it resistant to drying and antimicrobials

lipids

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44

what is used for treatment primarily for tuberculosis

antibiotics

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45

what is the skin test called for tuberculosis

Tuberculin

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46

how does the tuberculin skin test work

t-cells react with purified protein derivative from TB bacterium

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47
<p>tubercle bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung are then ingested by …</p>

tubercle bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung are then ingested by …

macrophages

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48
<p>… in the cell wall of the macrophage stimulates an inflammatory response</p>

… in the cell wall of the macrophage stimulates an inflammatory response

mycolic acid

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49
<p>additional macrophages and other defensive cells respond to the area which form a surrounding layer, and in turn, form an early…</p>

additional macrophages and other defensive cells respond to the area which form a surrounding layer, and in turn, form an early…

tubercle

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50

after a while the tubercles will heal and become …

calcified

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51
<p>what is this calcified tubercle called</p>

what is this calcified tubercle called

Ghon’s complex

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52
<p>eventually the tubercle will break down, releasing … into the lungs, cardiovascular and lymphatic system</p>

eventually the tubercle will break down, releasing … into the lungs, cardiovascular and lymphatic system

bacteria

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53

military tuberculosis means…

disseminated infection

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54

what is meant by latent TB

where the tubercle bacilli remain dormant and serve as a basis for later reactivation of the disease

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