chapter 24- microbial diseases of the respiratory system

what are the 4 structures found in the upper respiratory system

nose

pharynx

middle ear

eustachian tubes

… and … protect mucosal surfaces in the upper respiratory system

salvia and tears

what are the 4 structures found in the lower respiratory system

larynx

trachea

bronchial tubes

alveoli

… moves particles toward the throat via ciliary action

ciliary escalator

… destroy microorganisms in the lungs

alveolar macrophages

… protects mucosal surfaces in the lower respiratory system

respiratory mucus

what is the medical term for sore throat

Pharyngitis

what are the three microbial disease attaining to the lower respiratory system

bronchitis

bronchiolitis

pneumonia

for the common cold there are over … different viruses identified

200

what is the main type of virus associated with the common cold

rhinovirus

rhinoviruses thrive in temperatures … than body temperature

lower

what are the two modes of transport for influenza virus

droplet

indirect contact

what are the 4 main symptoms of influenza flu

chills

fever

headache

muscle aches

annual deaths in the United States is usually between … to …. for the influenza flu

3,000 to 50,000

what are the 3 main strains of influenza flu

avian

swine

mammalian

… spike binds to the sialic acid of the epithetic cells

hemagglutinin

… spike will then remove sialic acid when the virus leaves the cell

neuraminidase

influenza virus has … genomic RNA segments

8

each RNA virus has a … surrounding it

capsid

(SHORT ANSWER QUESTION) explain the influenza virus pathway

1. adhesion via hemagglutinin spike protein to sialic acid

2. endocytosis

3. fusion and un-coating

4. RNA dependent RNA polymerase assists with replication to produce mRNA and vRNA

5. protein synthesis

6. assembly

7. budding

8. release, neuraminidase spike protein will remove sialic acid on way out

antigenic drift is minor … changes

antigenic

antigenic drift allows the virus to elude … host Immunity but antigenic shifts changes are great enough to evade … immunity

some, most

an example of antigenic drift in the influenza virus

minor antigenic changes in HA and NA

an example of antigenic shifts in the influenza virus 

reassortment of the eight RNA segments

what are the three branches of Orthomyxoviridae

influenza virus a

influenza virus b

influenza virus c

influenza a host

wide range of hosts

influenza b host

humans only

influenza c host

humans and swine

which subtype of influenza is the mildest

influenza c

influenza reservoir

wild water birds

domestic chickens

swine is known to be an …

antigenic mixer

antigenic … is the cause of pandemic strains

shift

antigenic … is not good for vaccines as they are regularly unanticipated

shift

what is the one subtype of influenza virus we should know

H1N1

… pandemics of influenza normally occur every century

3

the influenza vaccine is known to be a … vaccine (for the most important strains)

multivalent

composition of the influenza vaccine is determined annually by the..

identification of circulating viruses

name 5 preventions for the spreading of influenza virus

wash your hands

wear a face mask/ respirator

wear a nanomask

clean surfaces frequently

cook your chicken and eggs properly

what bacteria causes tuberculosis

__mycobacterium tuberculosis__

__mycobacterium tuberculosis__ is … (two morphology characters)

acid fast

rod shape

mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate …

aerobe

…-hour generation time

20

what in the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis makes it resistant to drying and antimicrobials

lipids

what is used for treatment primarily for tuberculosis

antibiotics

what is the skin test called for tuberculosis

Tuberculin

how does the tuberculin skin test work

t-cells react with purified protein derivative from TB bacterium

tubercle bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung are then ingested by …

macrophages

… in the cell wall of the macrophage stimulates an inflammatory response

mycolic acid

additional macrophages and other defensive cells respond to the area which form a surrounding layer, and in turn, form an early…

tubercle

after a while the tubercles will heal and become …

calcified

what is this calcified tubercle called

Ghon’s complex

eventually the tubercle will break down, releasing … into the lungs, cardiovascular and lymphatic system

bacteria

military tuberculosis means…

disseminated infection

what is meant by latent TB

where the tubercle bacilli remain dormant and serve as a basis for later reactivation of the disease