chapter 24- microbial diseases of the respiratory system

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54 Terms

1
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what are the 4 structures found in the upper respiratory system
nose

pharynx

middle ear

eustachian tubes
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… and … protect mucosal surfaces in the upper respiratory system
salvia and tears
3
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what are the 4 structures found in the lower respiratory system
larynx

trachea

bronchial tubes

alveoli
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… moves particles toward the throat via ciliary action
ciliary escalator
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… destroy microorganisms in the lungs
alveolar macrophages
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… protects mucosal surfaces in the lower respiratory system
respiratory mucus
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what is the medical term for sore throat
Pharyngitis
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what are the three microbial disease attaining to the lower respiratory system
bronchitis

bronchiolitis

pneumonia
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for the common cold there are over … different viruses identified
200
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what is the main type of virus associated with the common cold
rhinovirus
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rhinoviruses thrive in temperatures … than body temperature
lower
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what are the two modes of transport for influenza virus
droplet

indirect contact
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what are the 4 main symptoms of influenza flu
chills

fever

headache

muscle aches
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annual deaths in the United States is usually between … to …. for the influenza flu
3,000 to 50,000
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what are the 3 main strains of influenza flu
avian

swine

mammalian
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… spike binds to the sialic acid of the epithetic cells
hemagglutinin
hemagglutinin
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… spike will then remove sialic acid when the virus leaves the cell
neuraminidase
neuraminidase
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influenza virus has … genomic RNA segments
8
8
19
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each RNA virus has a … surrounding it
capsid
capsid
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(SHORT ANSWER QUESTION) explain the influenza virus pathway

1. adhesion via hemagglutinin spike protein to sialic acid
2. endocytosis
3. fusion and un-coating
4. RNA dependent RNA polymerase assists with replication to produce mRNA and vRNA
5. protein synthesis
6. assembly
7. budding
8. release, neuraminidase spike protein will remove sialic acid on way out
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antigenic drift is minor … changes
antigenic
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antigenic drift allows the virus to elude … host Immunity but antigenic shifts changes are great enough to evade … immunity
some, most
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an example of antigenic drift in the influenza virus
minor antigenic changes in HA and NA
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an example of antigenic shifts in the influenza virus 
reassortment of the eight RNA segments
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what are the three branches of Orthomyxoviridae
influenza virus a

influenza virus b

influenza virus c
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influenza a host
wide range of hosts
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influenza b host
humans only
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influenza c host
humans and swine
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which subtype of influenza is the mildest
influenza c
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influenza reservoir
wild water birds

domestic chickens
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swine is known to be an …
antigenic mixer
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antigenic … is the cause of pandemic strains
shift
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antigenic … is not good for vaccines as they are regularly unanticipated
shift
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what is the one subtype of influenza virus we should know
H1N1
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… pandemics of influenza normally occur every century
3
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the influenza vaccine is known to be a … vaccine (for the most important strains)
multivalent
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composition of the influenza vaccine is determined annually by the..
identification of circulating viruses
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name 5 preventions for the spreading of influenza virus
wash your hands

wear a face mask/ respirator

wear a nanomask

clean surfaces frequently

cook your chicken and eggs properly
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what bacteria causes tuberculosis
__mycobacterium tuberculosis__
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__mycobacterium tuberculosis__ is … (two morphology characters)
acid fast

rod shape
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mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate …
aerobe
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…-hour generation time
20
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what in the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis makes it resistant to drying and antimicrobials
lipids
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what is used for treatment primarily for tuberculosis
antibiotics
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what is the skin test called for tuberculosis
Tuberculin
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how does the tuberculin skin test work
t-cells react with purified protein derivative from TB bacterium
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tubercle bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung are then ingested by …
tubercle bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung are then ingested by …
macrophages
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… in the cell wall of the macrophage stimulates an inflammatory response
… in the cell wall of the macrophage stimulates an inflammatory response
mycolic acid
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additional macrophages and other defensive cells respond to the area which form a surrounding layer, and in turn, form an early…
additional macrophages and other defensive cells respond to the area which form a surrounding layer, and in turn, form an early…
tubercle
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after a while the tubercles will heal and become …
calcified
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what is this calcified tubercle called
what is this calcified tubercle called
Ghon’s complex
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eventually the tubercle will break down, releasing … into the lungs, cardiovascular and lymphatic system
eventually the tubercle will break down, releasing … into the lungs, cardiovascular and lymphatic system
bacteria
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military tuberculosis means…
disseminated infection
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what is meant by latent TB
where the tubercle bacilli remain dormant and serve as a basis for later reactivation of the disease