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Anatomy

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body and its parts.

Gross Anatomy

Anatomy visible without aid.

Microscopic Anatomy

Anatomical details you can see with magnification.

Level of Organization

Atoms, molecules, cells tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant level or “steady state” despite changes in the environment.

Anatomical Position

Standing, face forward, palms out.

Dorsal Cavity

Cranial (contains brain), and spinal (vertebral, spinal cord).

Cranial Cavity

Cavity that includes the brain.

Spinal Cavity

Cavity that includes the spine and vertebral.

Thoracic Cavity

Cavity that includes the heart, lungs, and esophagus.

Abdominal Cavity

Cavity that includes the stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, etc.

Pelvic Cavity

Cavity that includes the bladder and reproductive organs.

Diaphragm

Separates the dorsal and ventral cavities.

Ventral Cavity

Thoracic (chest, lungs, heart, esophagus) and abdominopelvic (abdominal: stomach, liver, spleen. pelvic: bladder, rectum, reproductive organs.)

Oral/Digestive Cavities

Mouth, contains teeth and tongue.

Nasal Cavity

Within and posterior to the nose.

Orbital Cavities

Eye sockets.

Middle Ear Cavities

Medial to the ear drum, contains bones for hearing.

Synovial Cavities

Joint cavities, contains fibrous capsule.

Upper left abdominal region

Right hypochondriac

Mid left abdominal region

Right lumbar

Lower left abdominal region

Right iliac

Upper mid abdominal region

Epigastric

Center abdominal region

Umbilical

Top right abdominal region

Left hypochondriac

Mid right abdominal region

Left lumbar

Bottom right abdominal region

Left iliac

Integumentary System

Forms external body covering. Includes skin, hair, nails.

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs, provides framework.

Muscular System

Locomotion of body and movement within body (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)

Nervous System

Responds to internal and external changes. Includes brain and nerves.

Endocrine System

Hormones that regulate processes.

Circulatory System

Heart, blood, blood vessels, provide nutrients/wastes.

Lymphatic System

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels. Includes lymph nodes.

Respiratory System

Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Includes trachea, lungs, nose, esophagus.

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Digestive System

Breaks down food into units to enter blood

Immune System

Protects body from diseases/illnesses. Thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes

Epithelial Tissue

Found throughout the body and covers all body surfaces inside and out. Functions: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, sensory perception

Simple Squamos

Found in air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries. Function: diffusion and filtration.

Simple Cubodal

Lining of kidney tubules, ducts of glands, covering surface of ovaries. Function: secretion and absorption.

Simple Columnar

Lining of digestive tract and uterus. Function: protection, absorption, secretion.

Stratified Squamos

Lining body cavities like the mouth and outer layer of skin. Function: protection.

Psuedostratified Columnar

Lining air passages like the trachea and tubes of the reproductive system. Function: secretion and cilia-aided movement.

Transitional Epithelium

Lining of the urinary bladder. Function: stretchable.

Loose CT

Binds skin to underlying organs and organs to organs, space between muscles, throughout body.

Adipose Tissue

Protective cushion, insulation to preserve body heat, stores energy. aka fat.

Fibrous CT

Dense tissue, closely packed, thick collagenous fibers and fine network of elastic fibers. Tendons and ligaments.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common cartilage. Covers ends of bones and joints, noise, and respiratory passages.

Elastic Cartilage

More flexible cartilage, external ear and larynx.

Fibrocartilage

Very tough cartilage, large numerous collagenous fibers, menisci.

Bone Tissue

Osseous tissue. Rigid due to mineral salts. Lamellae, haversian canals, osteocytes.

Blood Tissue

Tissue that circulates throughout body.

Smooth Muscles

Muscle in hollow organs like the stomach.

Cardiac Muscles

The muscles that make up the walls of the heart.

Neurons

Tissue that transmit signals.

Neuroglia

Nerve tissue that offers protection and support.

Prophase

During which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears.

Metaphase

During which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.

Anaphase

The stage in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

Telophase

The final phase in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.