Chapter 5 Part 1

What is the importance of membrane?

It is important for letting things in and out

• It also helps protect the inside of the cell

What are the 2 components of a cell

1. Intracellular Fluid

2. Extracellular Fluid

What is Osmotic Equilibrium?

The equal water concentrations on both sides of a membrane

Do we ever get osmotic equilibrium and why?

Yes

• Your body constantly works to keep the fluid inside cells and outside cells at nearly the same osmolarity

What is chemical disequilibrium?

The different concentrations of ions or molecules on either side of the membrane.

Give an example of chemical disequilibrium

More K+ on the inside of the cell than outside

What is electrical disequilibrium?

When the charge is different across the membrane

What is the charge inside the cell normally?

More negative

What is the charge outside the cell normally?

More positive

What is an example of ECF?

Blood Plasma and interstitial fluid

What is interstitial fluid?

The fluid that is between the cells and also the blood vessels

What is blood plasma?

The fluid that is inside the blood vessels that surrounds the blood cells

For standard male is there more intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid?

There is more intracellular fluid

What is the ratio of intracellular fluid?

2/3

What is the ratio for extracellular fluid?

1/3

Where is K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca+2 most prominent in?

K+ is more prominent on the inside

Na+, Cl-, Ca+2 is more prominent on the outside

Where is HCO3- and protein more prominent in?

HCO3- not prominent in anything

Protein: More prominent in ICF and blood plasma

What is the body made of mostly?

Water

What influence the amount water we have in the body?

Age and Sex

Which sex has less water in the body? Why?

Females

• Menstrual cycle (Loosing water)

What does it means when there are less variation of water between compartments?

It means that the water levels across the membrane are trying to maintain a isotonic environment both inside and outside.

What is Osmosis?

A type of diffusion of water where water will want do diffuse from low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute.

Give an example of osmosis and explain it?

Glucose vs. Water

What is osmotic pressure?

A pressure that doesn’t allow osmosis to occur

What happens when you fill yourself with too much water? What does this relate to?

You tend to spit it out or throw it up.

• This relates to osmotic pressure

What is molarity? (Equation)

Molarity= moles/ liters

What is Osmolarity?

Osmolarity= solute/ water

What is Isomotic?

When both solutions have the same solute concentration in water

What is example of isomotic?

Solution A: 1 OsM of Nacl in water

Solution B: 1 OsM of glucose in water

What is hyposmotic?

When one solution has a lower solute concentration to water than the other solution.

Give an example of hyposmotic

Solution A: 1 OsM of NaCl

is hyposmotic to

Solution A: 2 OsM of NaCl

What is hyperosmotic?

When one solution has a higher solute concentration to water than another solution.

Give an example of hyperosmotic

Solution C: 2 OsM of NaCl

is hyperosmotic to

Solution B: 1 OsM of NaCl

What is tonicity?

A physiological term used to describe how the concentration of a solution affects the cell’s volume.

What is Isotonic? What is its shape?

When there is no net movement of water from the cell to the solution or the solution to cell.

• The cell is the same shape

  • Round

What is hypertonic? What is its shape?

When there is net movement of water from the inside of the cell to the solution

• There is higher solute concentration in the solution

• The cell shape: Crenated or shriveled

What is hypotonic? What is its shape?

When there is net movement of water from the solution inside the cell

• There is a lower solute concentration in the solution

• The cell shape is swelled and burst

What are the 2 important factors of tonicity?

1. Osmolarity

2. The nature of a solute and its ability for to cross the membrane

What is the cell membrane in terms of permeability?

Selectively Permeable

What are the types of transports in the cell membrane?

1. Passive Transport

2. Facilitated Transport

3. Active Transport

What is passive transport?

The diffusion of ions/solutes that naturally occurs over the membrane from high concentration to low concentration

What is facilitated transport?

The diffusion of ions/solutes that utilizes proteins on the membrane from high concentration to low concentration

What is active transport?

The diffusion of ions/solutes that utilizes ATP/energy to get across the membrane from low to high concentrations.

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules/ions across the membrane from high to low concentrations

What is another word for Diffusion?

Passive transport

What is the 7 important factors of diffusion?

1. Diffusion is a passive process

2. Diffusion is from high to low concentration

3. Diffusion still has net movement unless their is equilibrium across the membrane

4. Diffusion is fast over a short distance and slow over a long distance

5. Diffusion is inversely related to size

6. Diffusion is directly related to temperature

7. Diffusion can happen over open space and a partition that separates 2 areas

Can Ions diffuse easily?

No they can’t

What does ions need in order to diffuse through the membrane?

Electric gradient gradient

When can ions move easily across the membrane?

When the ion is being repelled by the same charge or attracted by opposite charge.

What is a electrochemical gradient?

A gradient of chemicals and ions

Is an ion chemical or electrical

Chemical

Is a charge chemical or electrical?

Electrical

What is Fick’s Law?

A law that tells what factors affect the rate of diffusion

What properties affect the rate of diffusion/ Ficks Law

1. Properties of a cell membrane

2. Lipid Solubility

3. Molecular Size

What is the property of cell membrane?

A phospholipid bilayer

What can easily go through the membrane? Make sure you add examples

1. Lipids

2. Small molecules (Ex: O2 and Caffiene)

Can lipoproteins go through the membrane? Why?

No because a majority of it is made of protein.

Can large molecules go through the membrane? If not, why?

No because it needs to be broken down first.