Pharmacology week 1 and 2

Pharmacology vocabulary flashcards for nursing students.

The study of medications or drugs

Pharmacology

Movement of a drug through the body

pharmacokinetics

What acronym can be used to describe pharmacokinetics?

ADME

What is pharmacodynamics?

What drugs do to the body

Chemical Name

The name of a drug based on its chemical structure.

Generic Name

universal drug name

Trade (Brand) Name

Brand name… so many

Describe traits of the perfect drug

Effectiveness, safety, and selectivity

Effectiveness

Does the drug do what it says it will do

Safety

Drug causes no harmful effects

Selectivity

Drug only does what we needed to do and nothing else

What is the most important trait in an ideal drug?

Safety

What is it called when a patient has a lot of different medical conditions?

Co morbidities

Prescribed dose→ administered dose→ concentration at site =

Intensity of drug response

right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time

golden rules

ADER (add ons)

Assessment, documentation, evaluation, refusal

What is it called when you are educating a patient based off of medications they are taking and effects that these medications may have?

Medication reconciliation

When does medication reconciliation occur?

At discharge or when they are leaving

Special populations

Pregnant, elderly and pediatrics

What is an anti-seizure med category that we cannot administer during pregnancy because they are a risk?

Teratogenic

2/3 of these types of patients take at least one medication that could be Used to treat nausea and vomiting, increased blood glucose, or blood pressure

Pregnant

65 and +

Elderly

What are some problems that the elderly population may Have causing them to be prescribed medications?

Decreasing organ functionality, Comorbidities, Polypharmacy and adherence

What list introduces a categorized criteria of inappropriate medication uses in older adults

Beers

What common medications should be avoided in older adults?

Anticholinergic cardiovascular, CNS endocrine and pain

16 and under

Peds

What list introduces a categorized criteria of inappropriate medication uses in pediatrics

KIDs list

Pediatric meds are used by what type of dosing?

Weight based

Side effects and toxicity

Adverse drug reactions

Mild and expected drug reactions can be called…

Side effects

An adverse drug reaction that has a negative physiological effect on the body.

Toxicity

This adverse reaction triggers a response from the sensitive immune system penicillin‘s common

Allergic

What is an adverse effect due to genetic predisposition like G6PD enzyme deficiency

Idiosyncratic effect

An adverse reaction that result in an opposite effect and expected like insomnia and restless from benzodiazepines

Paradoxical effect

An adverse reaction affect that is caused by the meds like the side effect of Parkinson’s from antipsychotic drugs

iatrogenic

An adverse reaction that results in an adaptation to drug exposure that abstinence will cause negative effects, most common with opioids

Physical dependence

An adverse reaction in the case where the med may cause cancer

Carcinogenic effect

In adverse reaction that result in a drug induced birth defect

Teratogenic effect

Hepatotoxic Drugs

Drugs that are toxic to the liver

Why are nephrotoxic drugs harmful to the body?

Inability to excrete drugs out of the body

In drug testing what population group does pre-clinical testing occur with?

Animals

drug clinical testing occurs with what population?

Humans

In 1906 the FDA was introduced. What did they work to enforce?

Drug labeling and purity

In 1938 the FDA worked to accomplish…

Safety testing

In 1970 the controlled substance act (CSA) was able to do what…

Create five categories with different schedules of potential for drug abuse

In drug legislation is schedule 1 drug has potential for what?

Abuse, no medical benefits

Drug legislation drug schedule two through five have what types of risk for abuse

Some medical benefit, declining risk for abuse

Site of administration→ blood

Absorption

Blood→ tissue cells

Distribution

Alteration of drug enzymes through the liver

Metabolism

Removal of drugs from body, most common through urine

Excretion

In what organ do most drugs get absorbed in?

Small intestine

What route of drug administration is an inhaler a transdermal patch an intramuscular injection or a subcutaneous injection?

Parenteral

Which method of drug administration skips the absorption step?

IV

This route of drug administration is most convenient and economical also most safe.

PO

What route of drug administration is by PO or PR?

Enteral

What route of drug administration shows a disadvantage that requires patient compliance and bio availability can be erotic and incomplete?

PO

What route of drug administration is valuable for emergency use and permits titration

IV, IVP

What route of drug administration has the disadvantage of increased risk of adverse side effects?

IV, IVP

What drug absorption, bypasses absorption, and potential immediate effects is suitable for large volumes and irritating substances?

IV, IVP

What route of drug administration can be prompt or slow when drug absorption is occurring and can be affected by changes in blood flow to the tissue?

Subaru

What route of drug administration has the advantage of being suitable for self administration?

Subcutaneous

What route of drug administration has the disadvantage of not being suitable for large volumes and possible pain or necrosis at the site?

SUBQ

Which route of drug administration has the disadvantage of being contradicted with anticoagulant?

Intramuscular

Within distribution, what does bio availability mean?

How much of the drug reaches the bloodstream

What is the initial passing of meds being broken down by the liver called?

First pass effect

When medication is stored in the fat and bone due to excessive adipose tissue, it is later distributed into the body when the drug levels are low. What is this called?

Fat and bone sequestration

Bio transformation results in the enzymatic alteration of a drug structured. What stage in the drug movement process is this?

Metabolism

Lipophilic drugs are more difficult to eliminate from the body so metabolized to become more polar…

Lipophobic

A drug That is metabolized to turn on the liver is called

Prodrug

A super family of enzymes used to metabolize things in the body

CYP 450

How many members are in the CYP 450 family

12

How many members in the CYP family and which members in the CYP family are used to metabolize drugs

CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3

The other nine members in the CYP family are used for What type of metabolism breakdown?

endogenous

Drugs that are looking to bind to the enzymes are considered what

Substrates

As a drug is bonded to the enzyme, it’s looking for what process to happen

Looking to get metabolized and then excreted

Steady state occurs after around how many half lives

3 to 5

The therapeutic Level is reached and provides what benefits

Max effectiveness of the drug

Time required for the amount of a drug in the body to decrease by 50%

Half life

A larger first dose than the smaller dose so that we could get to the therapeutic range faster is called…

Loading dose

When a loading dose is administered via IV what is that called?

Bolus

How do you calculate the therapeutic index?

LD/ED

The Highest point of the curve measuring the effects of a drug is called what

Maximum efficacy

A medication that requires a lower dose that has the same effects compared to a drug with a higher dose has a higher…

Potency

The ability to activate a receptor upon binding

Intrinsic activity

1.

Agonist

2.

Antagonist

An antagonist that cannot be reversed

Non-competitive antagonist

An antagonist that can be reversed

Competitive antagonist

Continues exposure to an agonist results in what type of regulation

Down regulation

Continuous exposure to an antagonist results in what type of regulation

Up regulation

What changes the pH of stomach contents

Antacids

What drug type acts without binding to a receptor

Antacids