units 1 and 2

population

The amount of people in a certain area

Population distribution

Where people are living on earth

carrying capacity

the maximum population an area can have to sustain all of them without damaging the environment or using unsustainable resources

Population density

How many people are in a certain area (Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural density)

Arithmetic density

Total pop/total land: a math base of evenly spread out density

physiological density

total pop/total arable land: the amount of farmable land per person

agricultural density

farmers/total arable land: farmer per farmable land. Smaller number means less farmers with more space

politics

how decisions are made and power is shared within a community

economic process

how money is spent in areas. more funding to larger populated areas because more people

social process

how accessible community things should be and where to place them

population age structure

an organization of a population based on age

population sex ratio

represent a comparison of males to females in a population

population pyramid

a pyramid that shows the population in age distribution as well as other things

population dynamics

how geographers study the trends in population

fertility rates

measure of a population’s ability to have children. useful to see if there is a decline in CBR and then decline in population

CBR - Crude Birth Rate

The number of birth per 1000 people

Mortality rates

populations death rates

CDR - Crude Death Rate

Death rate of every 1000 people

life expectancy

How long a person is to live on average

Infant mortality rate

Children deaths of 1 year old or under

rate of natural increase

Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate

Doubling time

How long will it take for a population to double

Demographic Transition Model

A model with CBR, CDR, and total population on a line graph. It goes through 5 stages throughout time

DTM Stage 1

beginning stage of population. Mostly pre-industrial and underdeveloped countries. CBR and CDR is equal

DTM Stage 2

Early expanding stage that brings more industrialization in. CBR remains high and CDR drops exponentially

DTM stage 3

DTM Late expanding stage with further industrialization with more medicine. Decreasing birth rate because no one want babies no more (womp womp) slower natural increase

DTM stage 4

DTM stage of low stationary with full industrialization. Starts to worry about aging population. most countries have low CBR and becomes equal with CDR

DTM stage 5

Natural decrease stage where death rate exceeds birth rate and drops population

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Model that focuses on CDR and how it changes

ETM stage 1

stage of Famine. Where people really just DIE. high death rate low life expectancy. population doesn’t sustain

ETM Stage 2

stage of receding pandemic where life expectancy increases and CDR goes down because of industrialization

ETM Stage 3

Stage of human created diseases where CDR low and life expectancy still raises which leads to old people diseases

ETM Stage 4

stage of delayed degenerative diseases where life expectancy is maxec and most medicine development is made

ETM Stage 5

Stage of delayed degenerative diseases where life expectancy is maxed and most medicine development is made

Malthusian theory

if population keeps expanding there won’t be enough food. People should have less kids so this doesn’t happen

Anti-Natalist policies

Policies that decrease the birth of children

Pro-Natalist policices

Policies to increase the number of babies

Immigration policies

policy that Allows or restricts the flow of immigrants

immigration

The movement INTO a place

Emmigration

The movement away from a location

centrifugal forces(pull factors)

Factors that push people away from a certain area

Centripetal forces (pull factors)

factors that pull people into a certain area

Intervening obstacle

Things that make it harder for immigrants to get to a certain area

Intervening oppurtunity

Things that make it easier for immigrants to settle down or to voluntarily make them stop going to their destination

Transnational immigration

Immigration from one continent to another

Transhumance migration

cultural voluntary migration of nomadic herders

Internal migration

migration inside regional broders is called:

Chain migration

Migrating to a location based on a family/friends recommendation or to follow/reunify with a family/friends

Step migration

Migrating through series of steps to get to a final detination

Guests workers

People who migrate voluntarily internationally for a temporary time to find work or labour

types of immigrants

Refugees, internally displaced persons, asylum seekers, enslaved persons

Refugees

People that have been forced to move because of war, violence, or persecution in their country

Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)

someone who has been forced to flee their home but doesn’t cross an international border

Asylum seekers

Refugees that move to another country in search of asylum but not given the full Refugee status

Enslaved person

People who were forced to move from their country to do work in another country usually for low amounts or free

Scale of Analysis

A tool that represents the ratio between a distance on a map and the distance on the ground.

Large Scale

The scale of analysis that is zoomed out. doesn’t show much detail.

Small scale

the scale of analysis that is zoomed IN. shows specific detail of a small area

map scale

the scale your looking at your map at (ratio, written, graphic)

Reference maps

maps that REFER people to general information about that area (physical map, political map, road map)

Thematic maps

maps that show a THEME or data on a map (Choropleth, dot distribution map, graduated symbol map, isoline map)

Dot Distribution Map

A thematic map that shows data through dots that show a certain quantity of something

Choropleth map

A thematic map that shows data through shades of a map. Usually its the darker the shade the more quantity of something

Graduated symbol map

a thematic map that shows data through a size of a dot. Usually the bigger the dot the higher the quantity

Isoline map

A thematic map that uses lines to connect points of equal value. Usually The closer the lines are to each other = changing rapidly

Cartogram

A thematic map that distorts the shape of a geographic place to show the amount of something in that area

Absolute direction

Precise spot. North, South, East, West

Absolute distance

Precise distance. cm, km, miles

Relative direction

“West coast”, “Deep south”, “Middle East”

Relative distance

distance measured by time

Clustering patterns

Patterns shows thing are close to each other, data is clumped together

Dispersal patterns

Patterns show things are spread out from each other

Linear patterns

Spatial patterns in a line

Mercator Projection

a map that preserves that map shape but distorts the north and south of the map. Usually making the poles bigger than they are

Gall-Peters Projection

a map that preserves that map shape but stretches out the area of the equator. Usually making the poles smaller than they are and making land near the equator bigger

Goode Homolosine Projection

A map that preserves the size of the land but takes out the oceans to preserve the lands. Usually used for thematic maps and is shaped as an 2 N’s together

Robinson projection

A map that mostly preserves the size and shape of the land but changes the maps polar areas.

Quantitative Data

data that is measured in numbers and statistics

Qualitative data

data measured not by numbers but by words, descriptions, interviews, opininos

GPS - Global Positioning System

receivers on earth’s surface use the locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receivers exact location

GIS - Global Information System

Computer system that can store, analyze, and display information from multiple digital maps or geospatial sets

Remote Sensing

The use of cameras or other sensors on plans/satellites to collect images of earth

Sites

the things that make locations unique are ____

situation

Locations around a main location that make the main location what it is

Distance decay

The idea of the farther between things the harder they connect, interact, and or communicate with each other

Time-space compression

new advancements in technology bringing places far away closer together

Environmental determinism

the landform and climate surrounding an area is what determines the humans survivability, behavior, and constructing a working society

Possibilism

Human culture shapes the humans survivability, behavior, and constructing a working society more than natural environment

regions

areas with the same characteristics or activities as each other (North America, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa)

Formal (uniform) regions

regions that have set agreed upon borders and similarities. most of the time to created by the governments to organize territory

Functional (Nodal) regions

region created by having a central point and surrounding locations that interact with that main spot

Vernacular (Perceptual) regions

regions created by people opinions and cultural identity