Bio Test Dec.

Pain

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

The hypothalmus, pineal body, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testes.

Glands

produce hormones that contribute to functions such as growth and development

Function of the endocrine system

broadcast hormonal messages to the cells through the blood and other fluids.

What are the three hormone mechanisms of the endocrine system?

autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine

Autocrine action

the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it

paracrine action

the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

endocrine action

the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells

How are hormones like enzymes?

They can only bind to specific target cells

steroid hormones

they are non polar so they can bind inside the cell

peptide hormones

they are polar so they have to bind to the outside of the cell

hormonal cascade

series of amplifications to an initial stimulus

What is a feedback loop made up of?

stimulus, sensors, receptors, and effectors

how do feedback loops maintain homeostasis

they either suppress the stimulus by doing the opposite function, or they amplify body functions

Where is ghrelin created and what does it do?

Ghrelin comes from the stomach and it makes us feel hungry

Where is leptin created and what does it do?

Leptin is in the fat tissue and it tells the brain you should eat.

Where is insulin and what does it do?

Insulin comes from the pancreas and releases glucose from the blood into cells through signaling receptors

Where is PYY and what does it do?

PYY comes from the small intestine and acts as an appetite suppressant

function of pancreas in the endocrine system

secretes insulin and glucagon that initiates digestion

What secretes hormones from the pancreas

the Islet of Langerhams

insulin

a hormone that allows cells to absorb glucose from the blood

glucagon

releases stored glucose from the liver

Glycogenisis vs glycogenolysis

glycogenisis is the process of storing glucose for later use, and glycogenolysis occurs when the body needs energy

Proteogenesis vs proteolysis

proteogenesis helps make proteins, and proteolysis breaks down proteins into amino acids

Lipolysis vs Lipogenesis

lipolysis is the breakdown of tryglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids, and lipogenesis converts glucose to fatty acids

glucogenesis

forming or producing glucose

insulin initiates

glycogenesis and protein synthesis

Leptin and insulin initiate

lipolysis and lipogenesis

glucagon and epinephrine initiate

glucogenesis

target tissue

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

Target tissues of insulin

liver, muscle, adipose tissue

What processes start in the target tissues of insulin?

glycogen metabolism and protein synthesis

How does our body use sugar?

energy and storage

Why is high blood sugar bad?

high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) can lead to heart disease, kidney disease, vision problems, and nerve problems