Studied by 18 people
What are the organs of the endocrine system?
The hypothalmus, pineal body, pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testes.
Glands
produce hormones that contribute to functions such as growth and development
Function of the endocrine system
broadcast hormonal messages to the cells through the blood and other fluids.
What are the three hormone mechanisms of the endocrine system?
autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine
Autocrine action
the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it
paracrine action
the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood
endocrine action
the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells
How are hormones like enzymes?
They can only bind to specific target cells
steroid hormones
they are non polar so they can bind inside the cell
peptide hormones
they are polar so they have to bind to the outside of the cell
hormonal cascade
series of amplifications to an initial stimulus
What is a feedback loop made up of?
stimulus, sensors, receptors, and effectors
how do feedback loops maintain homeostasis
they either suppress the stimulus by doing the opposite function, or they amplify body functions
Where is ghrelin created and what does it do?
Ghrelin comes from the stomach and it makes us feel hungry
Where is leptin created and what does it do?
Leptin is in the fat tissue and it tells the brain you should eat.
Where is insulin and what does it do?
Insulin comes from the pancreas and releases glucose from the blood into cells through signaling receptors
Where is PYY and what does it do?
PYY comes from the small intestine and acts as an appetite suppressant
function of pancreas in the endocrine system
secretes insulin and glucagon that initiates digestion
What secretes hormones from the pancreas
the Islet of Langerhams
insulin
a hormone that allows cells to absorb glucose from the blood
glucagon
releases stored glucose from the liver
Glycogenisis vs glycogenolysis
glycogenisis is the process of storing glucose for later use, and glycogenolysis occurs when the body needs energy
Proteogenesis vs proteolysis
proteogenesis helps make proteins, and proteolysis breaks down proteins into amino acids
Lipolysis vs Lipogenesis
lipolysis is the breakdown of tryglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids, and lipogenesis converts glucose to fatty acids
glucogenesis
forming or producing glucose
insulin initiates
glycogenesis and protein synthesis
Leptin and insulin initiate
lipolysis and lipogenesis
glucagon and epinephrine initiate
glucogenesis
target tissue
cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
Target tissues of insulin
liver, muscle, adipose tissue
What processes start in the target tissues of insulin?
glycogen metabolism and protein synthesis
How does our body use sugar?
energy and storage
Why is high blood sugar bad?
high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) can lead to heart disease, kidney disease, vision problems, and nerve problems
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