Anth 205 JMU Final (Solometo)

-100 + Hectars

-Americans Excavated not too long ago

-Cities had tiers and intricate system

-First civilization to use water as efficiently as possible

Mature Harrapan Period

Ways of Harvesting water in Indus cities

-- Rain water runoff, reservoirs, well water used for baths

Diolavira

The largest and most prominent city excavated in the Mature Harappan Period

Mohenjo-Daro

________ in indus cities was used in ways it had never been used before

- river allowed for excessive usage

- First ever personal sewage system

Water

Massive water well in most citadels for people of the lower town to bathe in

Great Bath

_________ were intentional mounds built in patterns on the west side of town with no residences and a tall wall built around the area

Citadels

- Gridded cities

-Centralized / personalized water system

- Citadels

-Common weights and Measures

-Economic Specialization

-Indus Seals

These are all examples of ______

evidence for centralized power in Indus cities

Opposite of the Heirchy theory is the ______

Heterarchy theory

2 qualities of the heterarchy system

1. Different groups of government are in charge of different things

2. Power may change in response to changing values

Set of concepts and beliefs that hide or downplay inequality

Masking Ideology

Andes geography

Coastal Zone, Desert, Mountains, River Valleys

Resources in the Andes are ____

Elevation Dependent

-- Up to 3800 m = maize/beans

--Below 1200 m = chilis, potatoes, cotton, tobacco

Andes vertical economy; compressed, archipelago

Efforts to obtain resources at different altitudes

Andean domesticates

tobacco, llama, maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, quinoa

Initial Period

1800-900 BC -inland villages, beginning of irrigation agriculture. public architecture. U-shaped platform mounds. Site of El Paraiso -probably ceremonial centers. fine textiles.

Initial Period Military

Competition within the Casma Valley

-- cerro-sachin = peru

Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, Sechin Alto

"The earliest planned city in the new world"

Early Horizon Period (900BC - AD 1)- Chavin

-- North Andes dominated by Chavin culture

-- Vertical economy linked coast and highlands

-- Cheifdoms were a possibility

Chavin, Chavin cult, iconography

Indicated by pottery, art, ritual objects and icons

-- Human - animal combos

-- Hallucinogens used to induce shamanistic visions/travels

-- Gold objects (probably worn) used by ritual leaders in secrecy

Chavin de Huantar

Chavin culture appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavin de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs.

Early Intermediate Period

200 BCE - 500 CE (Paracas, Nazca, Moche)

-- State level systems

-- Large Cities

-- Warfare

-- Moche is dominant among regional centers

Sipan

An elite burial site on the coast of Peru that has given archaeologists a sense of the wealth and violence of Moche society.

Moche iconography

-the development of Moche

artistic canons, and various aspects of Moche ritual

-Artwork reveals...

class differences, warfare, sacrafice

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

-First major Incan Ruler

Effect of Huascar/Atahuallpa Civil War

Challenges of administering a large empire

-- Empires are limited by their organizational capabilities

--Success requires mastery of communication, administrative techniques, and law/order

Quipu

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

Incan road system

all roads lead to cuzco; allowed armies and news to spread quickly, ordinary people couldn't use this; runners stationed throughout empire to carry messages

Quecha

language of the Inca

Qollqa

storage structure found along the roads of the Inca Empire's road system

Mit'a & chicha beer parties

-- Labor required by all men at some point per year

-- Symbolic of a reciprocal relationship with the government

-- When finished they get a chinca party and things such as clothes are exchanged for labor

Textile taxation

-- Ancient Andean Tradition

Women = spin and weave cloth

Men = made cordage and rope

Mitmae

Ethnic Integration

Transfer of people, causing diversity

Curaka (local leaders), how "managed" by Inka

-Political Integration

-Local leaders are brought to administrative system with gifts even though they lose certain authority

Religious integration

provincial idols kept in Cuzco; sun temples built in provinces

Aclla or "chosen women"

Trained for years and served a lifetime

Ayllu

In Incan society, a small community or family group whose members worked together for the common good of the peoples.

Inca gods, ancestor worship, mummies

-Veneration of Sun Gods

-Sun = Inti

-Moon = Inti's sister or wife

-Mountains and rivers = spirits

-Veneration of Ancestors

Kept mummies in houses and brought out for

special occasions

What is collapse?

End of a political system.. Not a culture

-- Typically accompanied by a population drop of 20-90%

Indus Script

-Differs from Mesopotamia and Egypt in structure

-Largely undeciphered

-Short texts compared to Mesopotamian texts

-Cylinder/Button seals

-350-425 unique symbols

Indus long-distance trade: where, what?

From Indus to Mesopotamia

Timber, cotton, textiles, chicken, gold, copper, ivory

Chinese Neolithic (7000-5000 BC)

- Focused on Yellow and Yangz river valleys

- First sedentary farming villages with mixed economy

- Slash and burn agriculture in N, required frequent movement

Millet

Important crop and part of Chinese climate from 7000-5000 BC

Yangshao Culture

A Neolithic culture in northern China that is particularly well represented in the village site of Banpo

Bambo

100 semi-subterranean houses in five complexes with larger houses

One built in center (chief headquarters or communal meeting hall)

Defensive Moat

Hemudu Culture

a widespread rice farming culture south of Shanghai, dating to as early as 7000 BC

Longshan Culture 3000-2200BC

development of ritual and political hierarchies

large walled settlements

evidence of war

specialized craft

shamanistic cults with oracle bones

scapulimacy

mythical animals

Erlitou

the capital of the Xia dynasty possibly

Shang Dynasty

Most famous of all bronze age civilizations

One of several large kingdoms

Earliest decipherable writing

Specialized documents

Divination, oracle bones, scapulimancy

Process involving heating of the bones and reading of the cavities

Shang "urban clusters"

-Elite enclosures surrounded by clusters of workshops, kilns, cemeteries, and houses.

Shang bronzes - shapes, how used?

Alloy of copper mixed with small amount of tin and lead - heated to liquid state and poured into clay molds

Used in king's banquets for ancestors

Political organization of the Shang State (fuedal) ?

Multiple capitals

Centralized

First Empire = Qin (221-206 BC)

Unites China

Short lived yet influential

Authoritarian

Qin Shihuangdi

Abolished feudalism

Road and canal network

Standardized script and money

Provinces run by civilian governers

Tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi

700,000 laborers

Army of 7,000 life sized sculpted clay terracotta soldiers, chariots, and horses

Terra Cotta Warriors

statues that represented Shi Huangdi's real army, protected him in the after life