BIOL 251 Microbiology Week 15 Lecture Notes

Microbiology: An Introduction 13th Edition - Ch. 14

Pathology

Study of disease

Etiology

Cause of a disease

Pathogenesis

Development of disease

Infection

Invasion or colonization of the body via pathogens

Disease

Abnormal state of the body resulting in not performing functions normally

Transient

_____ Microbiota: Temporary microorganisms that inhabit the body for a short time

Normal

_____ Microbiota: Permanent microorganisms that inhabit the body under normal conditions

Human Microbiome

_____ _____ Project: A research initiative aimed at mapping and understanding the diverse microorganisms in and on the human body

Nutrients

Physical/chemial factors

Host defenses

Mechanical factors

Distribution of normal microbiota is determined by what factors?

Microbial Antagonism

A competition between microbes

AKA Competitive exclusion

Probiotics

Live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when consumed in adequate amounts

Prebiotics

Substances that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms in the gut, often serving as food for probiotics

Postbiotics

Bioactive compounds produced by probiotics during fermentation, which can confer health benefits to the host

Synbiotics

Combination of prebiotics and probiotics that work together to enhance gut health

Antibiotics

Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, commonly used to treat bacterial infections

Opportunistic

Organisms that normally do not cause disease but can become pathogenic under certain conditions

Symbiosis

Relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Commensalism

Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed

Mutualism

Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the association

Parasitism

Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other, often harming it

Epidemiology

The study of how diseases spread, their patterns, and the factors influencing health in populations

Incidence

_____ of a Disease: Refers to the number of new cases of a disease that occur in a specific population during a defined time period

Prevalence

_____ of a Disease: Refers to the total number of cases of a disease, both new and existing, in a specific population at a given time

Mortality

The incidence of death within a population due to a specific disease over a defined period

Morbidity

The incidence of illness or disease within a population, which induces fatal and non-fatal cases

Infectious

Describes diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms

Communicable

A disease that can be transmitted from one individual to another, either directly or indirectly, often through pathogens

IE. Contagious

Contagious

A type of communicable disease that spreads easily from person to person, typically through direct contact or airborne transmission

Non-communicable

A disease that cannot be transmitted from one individual to another, often resulting from genetic, environmental, or lifestyle factors

Acute

A disease that has a rapid onset and typically a short duration, often characterized by severe symptoms

Chronic

A long-lasting disease/condition that can be controlled but not cured, often developing over time and requiring ongoing management

Subacute

A disease with a duration and severity between acute and chronic, presenting symptoms that are less severe than acute diseases but more persistent than chronic ones

Latent

A disease that is present but not active at all times, often able to reactivate and cause symptoms after a period of dormancy

Sporadic

A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population, often without predictable patterns or triggers

Endemic

A disease that is consistently present within a specific geographic area or population, typically at a baseline level

Epidemic

A disease that occurs suddenly in a greater than expected number of cases within a specific geographic area or population, often spreading rapidly

Pandemic

A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area, affecting a large proportion of the population, often globally

Local

An infection that is confined to a specific part of the body

Systemic

An infection that affects the entire body or multiple organ systems

Bacteremia

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

Septicemia

A serious bloodstream infection caused by the spread of bacteria and their toxins throughout the bloodstream

Toxemia

The presence of toxins in the bloodstream

Viremia

The presence of viruses in the bloodstream

Subclinical

Describes an infection that does not present noticeable symptoms but can still cause disease and be transmitted to others

Age

Gender

Climate

Fatigue

Inherited traits

Lifestyle

Nutrition

Chemotherapy

What are some predisposing factors to disease?

Incubation

_____ Period: The time between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms

Prodromal

_____ Period: The phase following the incubation period, during which early symptoms appear

Illness

Period of _____:The stage during an infectious disease when the patient experiences the most severe symptoms and signs of illness

Decline

Period of _____: The stage following the period of illness, where symptoms begin to subside and the patient starts to recover

Convalescence

Period of _____: The phase after the period of decline, during which the patient returns to health and fully recovers from the illness

Human

_____ Reservoirs: Organisms, often asymptomatic, that harbor pathogens and can transmit them to others.

AKA Carriers

Animal

_____ Reservoirs: Infections that occur in animals that can be transmitted to humans, serving as a source of pathogens

Zoonoses

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, often through direct contact or vectors

Soil

Water

What are some non-living reservoirs?

Contact

_____ Transmission: The transfer of pathogens through direct or indirect physical interaction between individuals, often via surfaces or air

• Direct contact

• Indirect contact

• Droplet

Vehicle

_____ Transmission: The spread of pathogens via inanimate objects, such as food, water, or medical devices

• Airborne

• Waterborne

• Foodborne

Vector

_____ Transmission: The process by which pathogens are transmitted through a living organism that carries and transmits the disease, often through bites or stings

• Mechanical

• Biological

Direct Contact

_____ _____ Transmission: Involves the immediate transfer of pathogens through physical touch between individuals

Indirect Contact

_____ _____ Transmission: Occurs when pathogens are transferred via intermediaries like surfaces or objects, rather than direct physical contact

Droplet

_____ Transmission: Refers to the transfer of pathogens through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, landing on surfaces or directly on another person

Mechanical

_____ Transmission: Involves the spread of pathogens through an intermediary, typically by animals that carry pathogens on their bodies or in their gut and transmit them to humans or other animals

Biological

_____ Transmission: Involves the transfer of pathogens through a vector, where the pathogen undergoes development inside the vector before being transmitted to a new host, typically via bites or ingestion

Nosocomial

_____ Infections: Acquired in healthcare environments, typically due to hospital-related procedures

Compromised host

An individual with a weakened immune system, making them more susceptible to infections due to underlying conditions, treatments, or medications

Chain of transmission

The process by which infectious agents are spread from a source to a susceptible host, often involving a sequence of steps including a reservoir, a mode of exit, a mode of transmission, a mode of entry, and a susceptible host.

Handwashing

Cleaning instruments & tubs

Disposing bandages & intubation

What are some ways of controlling nosocomial infections?