Unit Four: Later Europe and Americas, 1750–1980 CE

Santa Sabina

Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 422-432 C.E. Brick and stone, wooden roof.

Hagia Sophia

Stone and Mosaic, 535 ce Early Byzantine

San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

Sainte-Foy

Romanesque. 11th century. Gold leaf, silver, wood.

Chartres Cathedral

Gothic Europe, France, Stone, stained glass, 1200

Arena Chapel

Giotto

Looped Fibulae

Form: silver gilt with semiprecious stones, inlays of garnets and other stones

Function: jewelry

Content: Fibula: a pin or brooch used to fasten garmets; showed prestige of the wearer; Cloisonne and chasing techniques; Zoomorphic elements; Small portable objects; Decline of classical tradition

Context: mid 6th century

Period/Culture: Merovingian

Bayeux Tapestry

Romanesque Europe (English or Norman). c. 1066-1080 C.E. Embroidery on linen.

Röttgen Pietà

Late medieval Europe. c. 1300-1325 C.E. Painted wood.

Christ the Good Shepherd

Early Christian

Lindisfarne Gospels

Early Medieval (Hiberno Saxon) Europe, Illuminated Manuscript (Ink/Pigment/Gold on Vellum), 200

Vienna Genesis

Byzantine illuminated manuscript written in Greek with stories from first book of Bible, made with sumptuous materials, showing classical influence

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child

Scenes from the apocalypse

Gothic Europe. c. 1225-1245 C.E. Illuminated manuscript (ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum).

Early Byzantine

500-726

The Iconoclast Controversy

726-843

Middle and Late Byzantine

843-1453

Merovingian (France)

600

Romanesque

1000

Early Gothic

1140 CE

High Gothic

1200 CE

Late Gothic

1250 CE

Catacombs are used as

early burial sights for christians

Frescoes are inspired by

Roman fresco painting with stories separated into spaces

Iconography of Early Christian is developed using

pagan imagery

Early Christian scenes of

Christ the Good Shepherd, Jonah and the whale, and Orants

Early Medieval was a time of

great chaos, wars, migration, etc.

In Early Medieval there was not a lot of

buildings or art

What is almost completely lost in Early Medieval

Literacy (except for the clergy and monks)

Artwork in Early Medieval is

small and portable

in Byzantine era is the first time we see a dome that sits on

4 arches or "pendentives"

Mosaics are intended to

publicize and codify Christianity

3 F's and a G

Byzantine formal characteristics: frontal, flat, floating, and gold

Who is the major patron for Byzantine and the Hagia Sophia

Justinian

Other formal characteristics of Byzantine

Usually tall, slim with slim faces and long noses. Very little movement depicted- focus on spirituality not naturalism

Romanesque is a revitalization of

large scale architecture and sculpture because of pilgrimages

In Romanesque churches add

an ambulatory to their apse to accommodate large crowds of pilgrims (larger naves, double aisles, radiating chapels)

Romanesque Church portal sculptures stress themes of

The Last Judgement and the need for salvation

Art forms of Romanesque include

Manuscript painting and Weaving flourish

"Gothic" term coined by the historian

Georgio Vasari during the renaissance. Originally meant to be derogative as he thought the gothic style was crude and ugly

In the Gothic era, the higher the architecture

the closer to god you'll be

lux nova (new light)

Latin, "new light." Abbot Suger's term for the light that enters a Gothic church through stained-glass windows.

Gothic sculptures/reliefs are higher in relief and emphasizes the

verticality of the architecture

the cult of the virgin replaced a previous variation of

Eve, the great sinner

Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)

Horizontal plane, divides the body into upper and lower parts

cathedral

A large and important church

Central plan

a church having a circular plan with the altar in the middle

Codex

an ancient manuscript text in book form.

continuous narrative

a work of art that contains several scenes of the same story painted or sculpted in a single frame

icon

(n.) a representation or image of a sacred personage, often considered sacred itself

Pendentive

a curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches.

squinch

An architectural device used as a transition from a square to a polygonal or circular base for a dome. It may be composed of lintels, corbels, or arches.

mosaic

Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass

Theotokos

A Greek title for Mary meaning "God bearer"

cloissone

decorative work in which enamel, glass, or gemstones are separated by strips of flattened wire placed edgeways on a metal backing.

Colophon

a publisher's emblem or imprint, especially one on the title page or spine of a book.

Fibulae

decorative pins to hold a stola or other garments

horror vacui

a type of artwork in which the entire surface is filled with objects, people, designs, and ornaments in a crowded, sometimes congested way

parchment

skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on

Zoomorphic

having or representing animal forms or gods of animal form

abbey

The group of buildings which collectively form the dwelling-place of a society of monks or nuns.

ambulatory

a place for walking, especially an aisle around the apse or a cloister in a church or monastery.

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.

Clerestory

A row of windows in the upper part of a wall.

embroidery

designs sewn on the cloth with threads

Last Judgement

Jesus Christ's judgement of the living and the dead on the last day when he comes to fully establish God's Kingdom

Narthex

the vestibule or entrance porch of a church

portal

an entrance, door or gate

reliquary

a container for holding relics

rib vault

A vault in which the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them.

tapestry

a wall hanging of heavy handwoven fabric with pictorial designs

Transept

The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.

transverse arch

an arch which crosses from one side of the nave to the other side at a 90 degree angle

triforium

a gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave, choir, and transepts of a church.

tympanum

Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintel and arch over the doorway of the church.

Apocolypse

end of the world

choir

the part of a cathedral or large church between the altar and the nave, used by the choir and clergy

flying buttress

a buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch

lancet

In Gothic architecture, a tall narrow window ending in a pointed arch.

Pieta

(pity in Italian) A painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of the dead Christ.

rose window

a circular stained-glass window

Scriptorium

A room in a monastery for writing or copying manuscripts

spire

a tall tower that forms the superstructure of a building (usually a church or temple) and that tapers to a point at the top

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) First international style since the

Roman Empire

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) Competition for the

largest church (Pisa Cathedral)

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) Masonry=

no concrete

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) East end of church is the

religious focal point for services

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) Portals act as a

"billboard" for elements of faith (The Last Judgement)

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) Cruciform plans, church as a metaphor for

heaven

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) plans/elevation based on

basilican forms

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) bays divide the

nave into compartments

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) Rounded arches are the

norm

(10 characteristics of the romanesque style) Tripartite division of the elevation continues from

earlier periods