Solutions

disassociation

disassociation

separation of ions from each other

solvation

surrounding of solute particles by solvent

hydration

solvation by H2O

insoluble

stronger attractive forces w/in crystal and can’t be separated

solids with low MP and low Hf

soluble

miscibility

mutual solubility of 2 LIQUIDS

complete miscibility

soluble in all proportions

immiscible

won’t dissolve at all

alloy

solid-solid solution

solution equilibrium

number of particles in soln = number of particles leaving; OCCURS AT SATURATION

Temperature

what solubility depends on

solubility

amt. of solute that will dissolve

1. Increase in T

2. Stirring

3. Increasing Surface Area (grinding)

factors that affect solution rate

hot

solid to liquids, more soluble in ___ H2O

cold

gases are more soluble in ___ H2O

Molarity (M)

moles solute/ liters of solution

Henry’s Law

the more pressure a gas exerts on a liquid, the more of that gas will dissolve in the liquid

initial concentration/initial partial P

final concentration/ final partial P

concentrated

lots of solute for the amount of solvent

3M

concentrated

<3M

dilute

dilute

little solution for amt. of solvent

molality (m)

moles solute/ kg solvent

mole fraction (X)

moles solute/ total moles solution

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

dilution equation

Raoult’s Law

the vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of a pure solvent

P (solution) = X (mole fraction of solvent) x original VP (solvent)

Raoul’s Law equation

VP (lowering) = X (mole fraction of solute) x P (original pressure of solvent)

VP lowering equation

1. depends on # of particles on soln

2. includes conductivity, VP, BP, MP, rate of diffusion

3. adding solute to a solvent LOWERS the VP

Colligative Properties

lowers Freezing Pt

creating a solution _____ the freezing pt.

increases BP

creating a solution _____ the BP

.512ºC/molal

molal BP elevation for H₂O

1.86ºC/molal

molal FP elevation for H₂O

∆T = K(f or b) x molality x number of particles

∆T equation

1. Find Molality

2. Determine ∆T

3. • or - the ∆T from the original BP or FP

steps to find new fp or bp

grams/mole

molecular mass determination