AP Psychology Units 1 & 2

Empiricism

the view that experimentation is the most important; the way people evaluate truth claims

Structuralism

structure of mind with introspection

Introspection

looking inward at thoughts and feelings (proved unreliable)

Functionalism

how mental processes help us adapt, survive, and flourish

Experimental Psychology

the scientific study of behavior, motives, or cognition in controlled environments to predict, influence or explain behavior or other psychological factors

Cognitive Neuroscience

branch of and biologica

Psychology

the science of behavioral and mental processes

Natural Selection

Approach: biopsychosocial

Approach: behavioral

how we learn observable responses

Approach: biological

Approach: cognitive

Approach: evolutionary

Approach: humanistic

Approach: psychodynamic

Approach: socio-cultural

Psychometrics

Developmental Psychology

Educational Psychology

Personality Psychology

Social Psychology

Industrial- organizational psychology

human factors psychology

forensic psychology

health psychology

neuropsychology

rehabilitation psychology

school psychology

sport psychology

positive psychology

counseling psychology

clinical psychology

psychiatry

community psychology

nature-nurture issue

hindsight bias

believing after the fact that the outcome was obvious

critical thinking

qualitative research

information that isn’t expressed numerically

quantitative research

information expressed numerically

theory

hypothesis

prediction (if then statement)

falsifiability

a hypothesis that can be tested and potentially proven wrong through observation or experimentation

operational definition

replication

case study

naturalistic observation

meta-analysis

survey

likert scales

wording effects

sampling bias

social desirability bias

self-report bias

population (N)

sample (n)

Random sample

Representative sample

Convenience sampling

Generalizability 

Correlation

Correlation coefficient (r)

Scatterplot

Directionality problem

Third variable problem

a variable that isn’t the IV or DV and affects BOTH the other 2 variables

Illusory correlation

experiment

experimental group

control group

Confederate

Random assignment

Double-blind procedure (vs. single-blind)

Placebo effect

Independent variable

variable that is manipulated

Confounding variable

Dependent variable

what variable is measured

Validity

Descriptive statistics

Histogram 

Mean

median

mode

Normal curve (distribution)

Bimodal distribution

Skewed distributions: positive skew

Skewed distributions: negative skew

Range

standard deviation

Inferential statistics

Statistical significance 

Effect size

Peer review

Informed consent

Informed assent

Debriefing 

Confidentiality

Anonymity

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Wilhelm Wundt

G. Stanley HallW

William James