Biology MISA test

Properties of Water

Capillary Action

the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid

Solvent/Solute

the dissolving medium in a solvent/ dissolved particles in a solution

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Surface Tension

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface

Hydrogen Bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

Polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

ECOLOGY

Eutrophication

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

Weathering vs Erosion

Weathering breaks down rocks, Erosion moves the pieces.

Nutrient Cycles (Carbon, Water, Nitrogen)

a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment.

Trophic Levels

The successive levels of organisms consuming one another

Energy Transfer

the transfer of energy from one organism to another through a food chain or web; or the transfer of energy from one object to another, such as heat energy

Niche

(ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)

Food Chains

Energy links between different organisms in an ecosystem based on feeding habits.

Food Web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

CELL TYPES/PARTS

Prokaryotic

cells that do not have a nucleus

Eukaryotic

Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.

What is the function of the cell wall?

Provides structural support and protection for the cell. Only for plant cells.

Which organelle is responsible for controlling the cell's activities and contains the genetic material?

Nucleus

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell and produces energy

What is the main function of chloroplasts?

Carry out photosynthesis to produce food for the plant cell

Golgi body

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and distributing proteins within the cell?

What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

Digests waste materials and foreign invaders

Vacuole

storage of water, nutrients, and waste products

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

Involved in protein and lipid synthesis

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

Regulates the passage of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

What is the main function of chromosomes in a cell?

Carry genetic information in the form of DNA

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell

CELL TRANSPORT

Cell Membrane structure

phopholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Passive Transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Rate of Reaction (temperature, pH, substrate concentration)

Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction. However, extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working. pH: Each enzyme has an optimum pH range. Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity.

ATP

ATP structure

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

ATP function

transfer and storage of energy

ADP vs ATP

ADP has 2 phosphate groups and ATP has 3 phosphate groups

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

What is the function of the chloroplast?

Organelle for photosynthesis

How is the chloroplast structured?

Has double membrane

What are the components of the thylakoids in a chloroplast?

Thylakoids contain chlorophyll

What is the stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast called?

Stack of thylakoids called granum

What surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast?

Thylakoids surrounded by a fluid called stroma

Photosynthesis reactions

Store energy by constructing carbohydrates by combining carbon dioxide and water

Light Dependent Reaction

first stage of photosynthesis where certain wavelengths of the visible light are absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH)

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

ETC

electron transport chain

NADP Reductase

transfers electrons to NADP to form NADPH

ATP Synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

Rubisco

The most abundant protein on earth. Performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle.

carbon fixation

The initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Structure of mitochondria

- outer membrane

-cristae- inner membrane that is folded

- inner membrane divides into: outer compartment and the matrix

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic uses oxygen, anaerobic does not

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Pyruvate

Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

A coenzyme used in various biochemical reactions as a carrier of acyl groups.

ETC (ATP Synthase)

Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of a mitochindrion

The electron transport chain uses high energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

GENETIC INFORMATION

DNA Structure

DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine

Nucleotide parts

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

antiparrallel

One side of the helix runs in the opposite direction of the other. One helix from 5' to 3', the other from 3' to 5'

RNA Structure

single stranded

RNA nucleotide parts

sugar (ribose), phosphate group, nitrogen base

3 types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

DNA Replication

DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attach to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies.

What is the principle of DNA replication?

DNA replication is semiconservative. Each strand in the double helix acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand.

What enzymes are responsible for synthesizing new DNA?

New DNA is made by enzymes called DNA polymerases, which require a template and a primer (starter) and synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.

How are the two strands of DNA replicated differently?

During DNA replication, one new strand (the leading strand) is made as a continuous piece, while the other (the lagging strand) is made in small pieces.

What are some of the enzymes involved in DNA replication?

DNA replication requires other enzymes in addition to DNA polymerase, including DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA ligase, and topoisomerase.

What is the first stage of protein synthesis?

Transcription

What is transcription in protein synthesis?

The process where a segment of DNA is copied into RNA by RNA polymerase.

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

To read the DNA code and create a complementary RNA molecule.

What is the promoter in transcription?

A specific region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

What happens during initiation in translation?

A small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA and an initiator tRNA brings the first amino acid.

What is elongation in translation?

The ribosome reads mRNA codons, matches them to tRNAs, and adds amino acids to the growing protein chain.

What is termination in translation?

The ribosome reaches a stop codon, signaling the end of protein synthesis.

Mutations

Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity.

CELL DIVISION

What happens during the G1 stage of the cell cycle?

The cell increases in size