Oceanography Miderm Part one

Compound is what?

Is pure substances that consist of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

The composed elements of H20 is what?

hydrogen and oxygen in a fixed proportion of two to one.

What is protons?

The psotivelt charged particles in the nucleas

What are nuetrons?

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

What are electrons?

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

What are chemical bonds?

Chemical bonds are interactions that hold atoms together in molecules and compounds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Water is a molecule held together by what?

Chemical bonds, specifically hydrogen bonds.

A water molecule forms when…

two hydrogen atoms bond with one oxygen atom through covalent bonds.

What are covalent bonds?

Covalent bonds are strong chemical bonds formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Besides water, Covalent bonds hold what other molecules together?

Molecules like carbon dioxide CO2 and methane CH4 and O2 (Atmospheric oxygen)

When a hydrogen(+)  is attracted to the oxegyn atom (negative) of an adjecent water molecul what forms?

in a water molecule, it creates a hydrogen bond.

A hydrogen bond between molecules is what percent as strong as a covalent bond between a molecule?

5-10 pecent

what is cohesion?

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance, such as water molecules being attracted to each other due to hydrogen bonding.

What is surface tension?

Surface tension is the result of cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the surface, causing the liquid to behave as if it has an elastic 'skin'. This phenomenon is particularly noticeable in water due to strong hydrogen bonding.

Cohesion tends to cause the surface tension of the water to…

increase, making it harder for objects to penetrate the surface.

What is adhesion?

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances, such as water molecules sticking to the surface of glass or other materials.

The causes of capillary action are what?

Cohesion and adhesion working together to allow liquids to move through narrow spaces against gravity, such as in plants.

What holds molecules together?

Molecules are held together by various types of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds, which provide the forces necessary for stability and structure in compounds.

Why is water a polar molecule?

Water is a polar molecule because it has a bent shape and an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other. This polarity allows water to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

Heat is the transfer between materials of different temperatures, while temperature records the average energy of a molecular motion in a substance or how rapidly the substance is vibrating.  

Water molecules that vibrate faster tend to be….

at a higher temperature.

Water molecules that vibrate slower tend to be….

at a lower temperature.

How is temperature measured?

in degrees

Celcuius is more useful in science because…

they are based on two of pure waters’s most significant properities: freezing point: 0C and boiling point 100C

What is heat capacity?

The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of a substance by a certain amount, usually one degree Celsius.

Liquid water has a high or low heat capacity?

High heat capacity allows it to absorb or release significant heat without a large temperature change.

An example of a low heat capacity is what?

Substances like metals or sand require less heat energy to change temperature.

What is density?

Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume, commonly expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³). It determines how compact a substance is

Substances start to become denser when….

they are cooled down.

Why does water become less dense when it cools down below 4 °C, even before it freezes?

The hydrogen bond becomes more rigid, causing the molecules to move slightly farther apart. This expansion makes water less dense as it approaches 0 °C (32°F) and ultimately freezes and crystallizes into ice.

Being less dense, ice is though to be a floating layer instead of freezing under which provides what for Arctic organisms?

a habitat and surface for polar bears and etc.

What is the latent point

at which a substance changes phase without a change in temperature.

We also use the word latent: It means hidden.

What is the latent heat of evaporation?

The energy required to convert a unit mass of a liquid into vapor without a change in temperature.

Sea water is how much pure water and dissolved gasses

approximately 96.5% pure water and 3.5% dissolved salts and other substances.

how do the properties of sea water differ from those of freshwater?

Sea water has higher boiling point and lower freezing point than frehwater.

What is freezing point?

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid. For water, it is 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) under standard atmospheric conditions.

How old is the Ocean?

The ocean is 4 billion years old and has undergone significant changes since its formation, including variations in temperature, salinity, and biological diversity.

Which 2 ions make up about 85% of the dissolved salts in water?

Sodium and chloride

Density is determined by what?

The mass of an object divided by its volume, influencing buoyancy and stratification in fluids.

• Cold + salty =?

• Warm + fresh =?

• Warm + fresh = less dense.

• Cold + salty = dense.

Will removing a calorie of heat from pure water at 0C change its temperature?

No, it will not change its temperature. It would require 80 calories of heat to be taken for it to form ice.

Why don’t the polar oceans freeze solids and the eqauatorila ocean boil away?

The polar oceans don't freeze solid because of high heat capacity and heat distribution across vast depths.

Ocean currents carry heat from tropics to where

the poles, regulating climate.

What is thermal Intertia?

Thermal inertia is the property of a material that describes its ability to retain heat, resulting in a slow response to temperature changes.

Colder = denser = holds more gas.

Seawater weighs how much more % than than a liter of pure water

about 2-3% more

What are the three density zones:

Surface zone, pynocline, and deep zone.

What is the surface zone?

The upper layer of the ocean, where sunlight penetrates, supports most marine life. It is characterized by warmer temperatures and lower density compared to deeper zones. Temperature and salinity gradually decrease with depth, influencing water stratification. 2% of ocean water

The pycnocline z a zone where…

density increases rapidly with depth due to changes in temperature and salinity. This zone isolates the surface zone and denser zones. has 18% of all of the water

The deep zone

desphts bellow at 1000 meters and contains 80% of all water

Each zone changes in temperature but is it lower or higher

as you go deeper in the ocean. The surface zone is warmer, while the deep zone is much colder.

The middle layer that chnages temp rapidly with depth is what

the thermocline

Low salinity can contribute to psyclone especially in high coastes where…

freshwater runoff mixes with surface water

What is halocline?

Halocline is a zone in oceanography where there is a rapid change in salinity, often occurring in coastal areas where freshwater runoff mixes with saltwater.

What is a water mass?

A body of water with uniform temperature, salinity, and therefore density

What is the vertical water movment?

It refers to the movements of water in the ocean, which can include upwelling, downwelling, and thermohaline circulation, influencing climate and marine life. This is limited in the northern polar regions due to ice cover and stratification.

How does the oceans density strastfication limit the vertical movment of the seawater

Density stratification in the ocean creates layers of varying density, which inhibit vertical mixing. This stratification prevents deeper, colder water from rising and limits nutrient distribution and biological productivity in surface waters.

How is the oceans structure likely to chnage due to an accelerating greenhouse gases?

Global warming appears to be causing the tropical ocean shallower than 1000 meters to become warmer and saltier whhile the water from the south and north are fresher

What is refraction?

Refraction is the bending of light waves as they pass from one medium to another, causing a change in the wave's speed and direction.

What is a refractive index?

The refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in one medium to another, expressed as a ratio