Kinesiology 1080

behaviourism

a behaviour determined by a finite set of physical laws

cognitivism

study of mental processes via scientific methods and abstraction from behaviour

3 stage model of info processing

identification→ response selection → response programming

serial and discrete: done one at a time and in order

stimulus identification: detection

sensory info obtained from external sources and turned into a neurological signal

processed at an unconscious level

stimulus identification: pattern recognition

using patterns for later stages

natural or trained phenomenon

chase and simon

observed different levels of chess players ability to recall a chess board

elite players were able to perform perfectly on the first trial but if shown a random game performed the worst

radiology diagnosis

when asking different medical professionals with different amounts of practice in radiology to diagnose a break, radiologists performed the most accurate and fastest

response selection

affected by number of response alternatives and stimulus or spatial compatibility

increased alternative responses

increases time required to process and select the appropriate response

reaction time

amount of time and computational effort it takes to select an appropriate response

hick hyman law

RT increases by a functions of stimulus present

response selection variables

age, practice, effector

response programming

increased by a funcion of the number of movements required to make in a sequence

franklin henry

4 different tasks with increasingly more to do

found that more tasks increase RT

frontal and parietal network

forms what actions will be performed in response selection

if damaged will cause difficulty in movement planning

attentional systems

poorly equip for gradual change, well equip for sudden change

have a fixed capacity

bottle neck theory of attention

filter is before identification and can only allow another to enter when the previous has completed processing

cocktail party phenomenon

supports the bottle neck theory

only listen to 1 conversation at a time in a loud room

late theory of attention

filtering occurs after identification, many can be identified but no response is begun until the previous is completed

psychological refractory period

anticipate left, move left see puck going right but you have already begun the previous response and can only watch

between 65 and 100ms

supports the late theory of attention

attention and autonomousy

before a action is automated you should not implement other task during it

great decrease in kids compared to OHL performing same despite number of tasks

attention and coordination

can perform out of phase till 5Hz where the movement becomes too complex and will fall inphase

bias competition model

frontal regions will bias sensory info to perfer relevant over irrelevant info

local property

small picture within a larger picture

when asked to identify has greater RT

global property

large picture of a image

incongruent

increases reaction time

stimulus triggered attentional network

active during short RT

inferior frontal gyrus

part of STAN

active when a stim is present to direct attention/vision

middle frontal gyrus

part of STAN

maintains task in working memory

anterior cingulate cortex

part of STAN

allows conflict and soltion

Default attentional network

active during long RTs and mind wandering

posterior cingulate cortex

part of DAN

precunus

part of DAN

middle temporal gyrus

part of DAN

STAN and DAN

inverse relationship, if one is highly active the other is not very active

RIFG

after an error identifying local is active to make occipital more active

front to back, frontal finetunes back

short term sensory store

short duration, unlimited capacity, veridical, precategorical

whole report

0% accuracy, believed there was no STSS

partial report

when paired with a tone, had 100% accuracy

proved it exsisted

veridical experiment

showed an ellipse afterwards, 0% accuracy

replaced original info

precategorical experiment

when there was a row of numbers between 0% accuracy

cannot determine the difference between numbers and letters

short term memory

conscious, 5-9 bits, categorical

brown peterson task

asked to remember 3 letters while counting down from a random number

90% accuracy, only persists for 3 seconds

modified brown peterson task

on 4th trial asked to remember numbers

accuracy is similar to the first trial due to the release from being in proactive interference

proves STM is categorical

proactive interference

forgetting of current due to previous

retroactive interference

forgetting previous due to current

slow wave sleep

allows consolidation of explicit memory from hippocampus to front of brain when the neural activity syncs

REM sleep

consolidates implicit memory

state dependent memory

when performing in a different state performance is 10% less

primacy effect

can rehearse first few until you run out of time, middle is hardest to remember

recency effect

hasnt yet left STM so is recalled

concussed individuals/older adults

only express recency

__% is lost in the first 24 hours

65

___% is lost over 2-31 days

5-10

long term memory

once consolidated maintained forever

implicit memory

how to do something, cerebellum

explicit memory

dates, formulas, facts, superior temporal lobe

episodic memory

personal information, diffusely though the temporal lobe

HM

untreated concussion led to grand maul seizures

had amygdala, hippocampus and medial temporal lobe removed causing anterograde amnesia

could form new implicit but not explicit memories

Brenda Milner

found HM could perform a mirror tracing task fine and cerebellar pts could not, implicit in cerebellum

clive wearing brain

little left superior temporal gyrus, little lateral temporal lobe, enlarged ventricles and smaller corpus calosum and fornix

clive wearing symptoms

frontal damage caused repetitive and emotional behaviour

fornix and calosum inhibited transfer of memory

stages of motor learning

cognitive, associative and autonomous stage

cognitive stage

in frontal structures and needing lots of attention

choppy, deliberate, many errors

associative stage

begins to get consolidated

fewer errors, less required attention

autonomous stage

can be performed with ease and errors are corrected next time

can perform multiple tasks during primary task

housed in cerebellum

closed loop control

gets feedback from sensory input

geniculate striate pathway

stimulus→ retina → lateral geniculate→ V1

from V1 motor→ posterior parietal

from V1 cognitive → inferotemporal cortex

retinotectal/extrageniculostriate pathway

stimulus → retina → superior colliculus → brain stem → alpha motor neuron

for dynamically moving stim

rods

achromatic, scoptic, low light, low spatial resolution

cones

chromatic, spatial resolution, phototopic, short time to process

types of cones

l- red

m- green

s- blue

achromotopsia

acquired colour blindness

binocular rivalry

overlap of vision in right and left eye

stereopsis

determines depth

motion parallax

moving the head very fast to create binocular rivalry and stereopsis in 1 eye

ventral visual pathway

identify objects, size, colour, shape

not very precise, allocentric, conscious

dorsal visual pathway

reach and touch

very accurate, egocentric

prognosia

inability to identify faces

fusiform

dee fletcher

developed ventral pathway damage from carbon monoxide poisoning

cannot identify an object but can reach and grasp one

100% accuracy on mailing task

bilateral lesion to lateral occipital lobe

double disassociation

use vision for perception but not movement

optic ataxia

trouble using vision to control movement

when eyes are closed turns dorsal off to actions can be performed

visual frame of reference

ventral will fall for illusions

dorsal is accurate

moving wall

children will fall

older adults will adjust with a step

dorsal pathway

double step paradigm

reach and point and 20% of the time there will be a target jump

if during saccadic suppression will not know it moved but eyes will adjust

saccadic suppression

eyes moving at max velocityp

posterior parietal lesion

will affect ability to make automatic movements

backward masking

series of circles and one with dots surrounding

as target increased, RT decreased

if dots lingered you would forget what was previously shown

feedback delay

how long it takes to process stimulus depends on what the stimulus is

dynamic and unexpected 75ms

with lights on or off there is no diff at 75 or 150ms but greater leaves time for vision to adjust movement

closed loop control proprioception

from vestibular structures

horizontal vestibule

spinning

anterior vestibule

nodding

posterior vestibule

somersaults

otolith organs

detect acceleration

utricle

horizontal movement

saccle

vertical movement

vestibular occular reflex

detect theres movement in 2 directions and locks muscles to fixate on an object

nyastigmus

eye shifting involuntarily

muscle spindles

innervated by gamma motor neurons

info about limb position

type 1a

velocity, dynamic stretch