serial and discrete: done one at a time and in order
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stimulus identification: detection
sensory info obtained from external sources and turned into a neurological signal
processed at an unconscious level
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stimulus identification: pattern recognition
using patterns for later stages
natural or trained phenomenon
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chase and simon
observed different levels of chess players ability to recall a chess board
elite players were able to perform perfectly on the first trial but if shown a random game performed the worst
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radiology diagnosis
when asking different medical professionals with different amounts of practice in radiology to diagnose a break, radiologists performed the most accurate and fastest
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response selection
affected by number of response alternatives and stimulus or spatial compatibility
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increased alternative responses
increases time required to process and select the appropriate response
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reaction time
amount of time and computational effort it takes to select an appropriate response
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hick hyman law
RT increases by a functions of stimulus present
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response selection variables
age, practice, effector
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response programming
increased by a funcion of the number of movements required to make in a sequence
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franklin henry
4 different tasks with increasingly more to do
found that more tasks increase RT
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frontal and parietal network
forms what actions will be performed in response selection
if damaged will cause difficulty in movement planning
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attentional systems
poorly equip for gradual change, well equip for sudden change
have a fixed capacity
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bottle neck theory of attention
filter is before identification and can only allow another to enter when the previous has completed processing
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cocktail party phenomenon
supports the bottle neck theory
only listen to 1 conversation at a time in a loud room
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late theory of attention
filtering occurs after identification, many can be identified but no response is begun until the previous is completed
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psychological refractory period
anticipate left, move left see puck going right but you have already begun the previous response and can only watch
between 65 and 100ms
supports the late theory of attention
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attention and autonomousy
before a action is automated you should not implement other task during it
great decrease in kids compared to OHL performing same despite number of tasks
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attention and coordination
can perform out of phase till 5Hz where the movement becomes too complex and will fall inphase
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bias competition model
frontal regions will bias sensory info to perfer relevant over irrelevant info
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local property
small picture within a larger picture
when asked to identify has greater RT
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global property
large picture of a image
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incongruent
increases reaction time
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stimulus triggered attentional network
active during short RT
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inferior frontal gyrus
part of STAN
active when a stim is present to direct attention/vision
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middle frontal gyrus
part of STAN
maintains task in working memory
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anterior cingulate cortex
part of STAN
allows conflict and soltion
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Default attentional network
active during long RTs and mind wandering
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posterior cingulate cortex
part of DAN
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precunus
part of DAN
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middle temporal gyrus
part of DAN
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STAN and DAN
inverse relationship, if one is highly active the other is not very active
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RIFG
after an error identifying local is active to make occipital more active
front to back, frontal finetunes back
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short term sensory store
short duration, unlimited capacity, veridical, precategorical
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whole report
0% accuracy, believed there was no STSS
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partial report
when paired with a tone, had 100% accuracy
proved it exsisted
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veridical experiment
showed an ellipse afterwards, 0% accuracy
replaced original info
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precategorical experiment
when there was a row of numbers between 0% accuracy
cannot determine the difference between numbers and letters
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short term memory
conscious, 5-9 bits, categorical
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brown peterson task
asked to remember 3 letters while counting down from a random number
90% accuracy, only persists for 3 seconds
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modified brown peterson task
on 4th trial asked to remember numbers
accuracy is similar to the first trial due to the release from being in proactive interference
proves STM is categorical
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proactive interference
forgetting of current due to previous
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retroactive interference
forgetting previous due to current
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slow wave sleep
allows consolidation of explicit memory from hippocampus to front of brain when the neural activity syncs
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REM sleep
consolidates implicit memory
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state dependent memory
when performing in a different state performance is 10% less
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primacy effect
can rehearse first few until you run out of time, middle is hardest to remember
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recency effect
hasnt yet left STM so is recalled
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concussed individuals/older adults
only express recency
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__% is lost in the first 24 hours
65
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___% is lost over 2-31 days
5-10
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long term memory
once consolidated maintained forever
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implicit memory
how to do something, cerebellum
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explicit memory
dates, formulas, facts, superior temporal lobe
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episodic memory
personal information, diffusely though the temporal lobe
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HM
untreated concussion led to grand maul seizures
had amygdala, hippocampus and medial temporal lobe removed causing anterograde amnesia
could form new implicit but not explicit memories
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Brenda Milner
found HM could perform a mirror tracing task fine and cerebellar pts could not, implicit in cerebellum
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clive wearing brain
little left superior temporal gyrus, little lateral temporal lobe, enlarged ventricles and smaller corpus calosum and fornix
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clive wearing symptoms
frontal damage caused repetitive and emotional behaviour
fornix and calosum inhibited transfer of memory
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stages of motor learning
cognitive, associative and autonomous stage
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cognitive stage
in frontal structures and needing lots of attention
choppy, deliberate, many errors
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associative stage
begins to get consolidated
fewer errors, less required attention
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autonomous stage
can be performed with ease and errors are corrected next time
can perform multiple tasks during primary task
housed in cerebellum
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closed loop control
gets feedback from sensory input
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geniculate striate pathway
stimulus→ retina → lateral geniculate→ V1
from V1 motor→ posterior parietal
from V1 cognitive → inferotemporal cortex
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retinotectal/extrageniculostriate pathway
stimulus → retina → superior colliculus → brain stem → alpha motor neuron
Studied by 2 people
