AP Euro Semester 1

Italian renaissance portraits best represent:

The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism

The Portrait of Heracletus best reflects what features of the Italian Renaissance?

The revival of interest in classical works

The commissioning of Image 1 best represents which of the following trends of the Italian Renaissance?

The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites

The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their:

Desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church

The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century?

The growing prosperity of new commercial groups

Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in:

Classical antiquity

Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half of the 1400s?

Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper

Which of the following best explains why the spread of the printing press encouraged the spread of new religious ideas?

The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.

Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of national cultures in Europe?

The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature.

Based on the passage, what does de Azurara argue was the major motive behind Henry's actions?

His Christian faith

Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the first paragraph regarding Henry's motives for keeping armed ships?

Henry kept a fleet for war against the Muslims and for exploration.

Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the passage regarding the possible benefits of sailing beyond Cape Bojador and the Canary Islands?

It would aid in trade and in spreading the Christian faith.

Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of the effects of European diseases on Native Americans?

The change in the population of central Mexico

Which of the following does the author use as evidence of the impact of the introduction of European cattle to the New World?

Migration into labor settlements

Which of the following does the author cite in support of the claim that Native Americans had defenders among the Spanish?

The actions of Bartolomé de Las Casas

Which of the following evidence does Azpilcueta give in his second point for money changing in value?

Money as a form of merchandise increases in value as supply decreases and demand increases.

Which of the following evidence regarding France does Azpilcueta use to support his argument?

In France, where less money is available, goods and labor are given for less money.

Which of the following evidence regarding Spain does Azpilcueta use to support his argument?

The cost of goods increased as a result of the influx of gold and silver from the Indies.

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers sometimes came into conflict with Protestant rulers of the states in which they lived?

Some reformers believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state.

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther stressed the use of vernacular (non-Latin) languages for religious texts and instruction?

They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible.

Which of the following best explains why the printing press was a significant factor in spreading Protestant ideas?

It greatly decreased the cost and increased the quantity of written materials.

Which of the following best describes the trend in the first two categories from the first period to the second period?

The percentage of crimes categorized as disputes and quarrels remained relatively steady, while the percentage of behavioral offenses increased.

Which of the following best describes the trend in categories three and four from the first period to the second period?

The percentage of crimes categorized as ecclesiastical matters decreased, while the percentage of crimes categorized as sexual misconduct increased.

Which of the following best describes an overall trend in the data?

Disputes and quarrels made up approximately half of offenses in both periods, while the percentage of behavioral and ecclesiastical offenses changed significantly.

St. Teresa's text is best understood as a direct part of the:

Catholic reformation

Which of the following was the likely purpose of St. Teresa's Way of Perfection?

To justify the reform of a Catholic religious order, the Carmelites

St. Teresa's discussion of God's attitude toward women best reflects

debates during the Reformation regarding proper gender roles

The passage best illustrates which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance

The creation of new approaches to the study of religious texts

The discussion of Adam and Eve's actions is best understood in the context of which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance?

The growth of new humanist approaches that emphasized individuality

Isotta Nogarola's publication of her challenge to Ludovico Foscarini best illustrates which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance?

Women adapting humanist approaches to advocate for better treatment in society

Erasmus' critique of the clergy were most clearly influenced by which of the following historical developments at the time he wrote In Praise of Folly ?

The humanist challenge to the institutional power of the Catholic Church

Participants in the Northern Renaissance, such as Erasmus, differed from participants in the Italian Renaissance in which of the following ways?

They focused more on humanism as a mechanism for religious reform.

The Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance shared an emphasis on which of the following artistic styles and themes?

Naturalistic representations of human-centered subjects using geometric perspective

The development of the printing press had which of the following general effects on Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

It significantly contributed to the spread of new ideas across Europe.

The development of the printing press had which of the following effects on the Renaissance?

It aided the spread of Renaissance ideas beyond Italy.

The printing press encouraged the growth of vernacular (non-Latin) literature. Which of the following best explains the long-term effect this development had on Europe?

It encouraged the development of distinct national cultures in Europe based on shared languages.

In 1558 Queen Elizabeth issued a decree that attempted to restrict and control the manner of preaching and religious teachings in England. Her action best represents which of the following?

Monarchical reforms designed to give governments greater control over religion and morality

In which of the following ways did new monarchs such as Queen Elizabeth of England move to centralize government authority in the 1500s and 1600s?

By monopolizing taxation and the use of military force

The development of new monarchies in the 1400s and 1500s occurred at the same time as the growth in power and influence of

merchant and professional groups

Which of the following best describes Toscanelli's argument in his letter?

A direct westward route to China would be shorter than the route the Portuguese were exploring.

Which of the following claims does Toscanelli make about China in the passage?

It was a source of valuable trading commodities.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use most directly to support his claim about the importance of forage grasses for the spread of European colonization?

The assertion that displacement of native grasses by Eurasian grasses allowed imported livestock to flourish

What evidence supplied by Crosby most directly supports the claim that Old World forage grasses were particularly important to livestock used by European colonists?

Old World forage grasses were tolerant of close cropping and being constantly trod upon by animals.

Which of the following best describes the author's main argument in the passage?

The global market increasingly featured market competition among various luxury and bulk goods.

Which of the following best describes the author's claim regarding price competition among products?

Competition was among products from a variety of sources within and outside of Europe.

Which of the following best describes a major argument in the passage?

Economic power determined military capability.

Which of the following best describes the author's main argument in the passage(European powers trading in Asia)?

In the seventeenth century, rivalries among European states began to be played out in many areas of the world.

Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the author's implied claim that the Columbian Exchange fostered global connections?

The trade in sugar was important to the Portuguese capital of Lisbon.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does Ogilvie NOT use to support her argument about the course of the Commercial Revolution being different in Württemberg than in England and the Netherlands?

Württemberg's women increasingly purchasing clothing and groceries on the market

Which of the following pieces of evidence mentioned by Ogilvie best supports her claim that Württemberg's institutions prevented women from playing a leading role in the Commercial Revolution there?

The authority of church courts and citizen's assemblies to regulate work and consumption

Which of the following does the author use to support her argument that the pattern of the Commercial Revolution in England and the Netherlands represented an exceptional case rather than a pattern characteristic of Europe in general?

The transition of women into market jobs, which increased purchases of consumer goods in England and the Netherlands.

Which of the following pieces of evidence in the passage does NOT support the claim that Tetzel's treatment of indulgences was viewed as corrupt?

Luther's following of academic custom in publishing his Ninety-Five Theses

Which of the following evidence does the author provide to support the claim that Luther's theses were meant for a wider audience?

The translation of Luther's theses and their rapid printing

The ability of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses to have a significant effect on Europe is best explained by which of the following?

The use of the newly developed printing press to rapidly spread Protestant ideas

Müntzer makes his argument that the princes should rise up against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and his followers primarily by

telling them it is the will of God as shown in scripture

Müntzer's appeal to the princes to overthrow the political order is best explained by which of the following developments?

The increasing use of Luther's religious ideas to challenge political authority

The political support by various German princes for Luther and the Protestant Reformation is best explained by which of the following?

The opportunity religious conflict gave the princes to challenge the authority of the pope and Habsburgs

Loyola's "Rules" were created to most directly support which of the following?

The Catholic Reformation

De Raemond's purpose in the passage is to criticize which of the following Protestant beliefs?

That the Bible should be directly accessible to all believers

The author's view of the sixteenth century was most likely influenced by which of the following?

The ongoing divisions and conflicts with Christianity in spite of the Catholic Reformation

Which of the following most accurately describes a significant trend in witchcraft prosecutions shown by the graph(accused vs. executed)?

The number of prosecutions increased sharply in the late 1500s and decreased sharply in the late 1600s.

The patterns in the graph most strongly support which of the following conclusions about witchcraft prosecutions in the early modern period?

Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict.

The graph most strongly indicates which of the following about the likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed in the period 1550 to 1700 ?

The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed remained approximately the same throughout the period.

Mannerist works, such as Madonna with the Long Neck, tended to employ which of the following elements?

Distorted and dramatic depictions employed to heighten emotion

Which of the following groups most frequently commissioned Mannerist and Baroque art during the 1500s?

Monarchs and other rulers who sought to enhance their stature

Mannerist works differed from works of the Northern Renaissance such as Massys' Madonna and Child in which of the following ways?

While both Mannerist and Northern Renaissance works depicted religious subjects, Northern Renaissance works placed more emphasis on human-centered naturalism

The choice of subject matter in the two paintings is best explained by which of the following historical developments during the artist's life?

The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands

Concern over which of the following best explains Steen's decision to portray The Dissolute Household as shown in image 2

The effects of Dutch material prosperity on morality in the Netherlands

Which of the following best explains why Steen produced paintings like the one in image 1 for wealthy Dutch merchants?

The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did not compromise their moral beliefs

Which of the following accurately describes the overall change in the size of ships being built over the two centuries?

In the eighteenth century, the Dutch East India Company produced a higher proportion of ships in the larger two categories.

Which of the following overall trends is indicated by the data in the table?

Europe was more urbanized in 1700 than it was in 1500.

According to the table, which of the following countries experienced the greatest proportional increase in urbanization between 1500 and 1700?

England and Wales

The presence of the aristocracy in both of the images most directly reflects a continuation of which of the following processes?

The preservation of the nobility's social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs

The activities of Peter the Great shown in image 1 were most directly the result of which of the following?

Peter's efforts to westernize Russia

The activities shown in image 2 were most directly a result of which of the following developments in France?

Louis's expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France

William's letter to Pope Innocent is best explained as an attempt to justify which of the following?

The outcome of the Glorious Revolution

William's claim regarding James's "design" in the first paragraph is best explained by which of the following developments?

Conflicts between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and Protestant interests in Parliament

William's description of his status within the English government is best explained by which of the following?

The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government

Richelieu's ideas best reflect which of the following developments in Europe during the 1600s?

The creation of new systems of government that centralized state power

Which of the following most directly influenced Richelieu's views on the power of the king?

The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility

The views of power expressed by Richelieu are best understood as an early example of which of the following developments?

The establishment of absolutist principles of monarchical government across Europe

Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the first paragraph?

Helping the people will strengthen the state.

Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the second paragraph?

Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes.

Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the third paragraph?

Alliances are useful, but a state should rely on its own strength.

Bodin's assertions about a legitimate monarchy are best understood as an example of which of the following developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

The development of new ideas concerning the value of secular systems of government

Bodin's discussion of tyrannical and despotic monarchies reflects which of the following political developments in Europe?

The concentration of power in increasingly centralized governments

Bodin's discussion of monarchical power best reflects the early stages of which of the following?

The development of absolutist systems of government

The "malicious words" attributed to the accused best illustrate which of the following developments in England in the late seventeenth century?

The ongoing tensions between Parliament and the Crown over the limits of royal authority

Michael Ferrer's defense best illustrates which of the following?

The Protestant victory in the Glorious Revolution

The outcome of the trial best illustrates which of the following?

The protection of the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from monarchical power

Which of the following is an accurate description of the trend in wheat prices shown on the graph?

Wheat prices showed considerable variation but declined overall in the period 1650 to 1705.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the trend in malt barley prices shown on the graph?

Malt barley prices showed considerable variation but overall slightly declined in the period 1650 to 1705.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the relationship between wheat prices and malt barley prices shown on the graph?

Wheat prices and malt barley prices generally rose and fell together.

The increased European consumption of luxury goods in the 1700s resulted most directly from which of the following economic developments?

The expansion of trade between Europe and other regions of the world

European monarchs of the 1700s mostly attempted to promote trade and consumption in luxury items by following

mercantilist policies that protected domestic industries and encouraged the creation of colonies

The overall increase of European wealth best explains which of the following demographic developments in the 1700s?

The growth of urban commercial centers

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Maes's choice of subject matter?

He wanted to attract the patronage of the growing Dutch urban merchant class.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Maes's inclusion of a map of the world in the painting?

It reflected the growing importance of overseas trade to Dutch society.

Based on the painting, Maes most likely held which of the following views?

Women were capable of managing the new financial practices.

Which of the following best describes the claim communicated by the artist about the Peace of Westphalia?

The treaty would lead to a new period of peace and prosperity.