Esters and acid chlorides and the hydrolysis of these compounds

How can esters be formed?

From reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols.

Water is also formed.

What reagents / conditions are used when reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols to form esters?

Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst.

The reaction is heated under reflux.

How are esters named?

The name of an ester is derived from the names of the two reactants from which it formed.

• The first part of the name always relates to the alcohol.

• The second part of the name relates to the carboxylic acid.

Esters can be converted back to carboxylic acids and alcohols in what type of reaction?

Hydrolysis- water is added.

Describe what happens in the acid hydrolysis of esters.

Reagents: concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

Conditions: heated under reflux

The original carboxylic acid and alcohol is formed.

Describe what happens in the alkaline hydrolysis of esters.

Reagents: NaOH

Conditions: heated under reflux

The salt of the carboxylic acid and alcohol is formed.

The salt would have to be reacted with a dilute acid to cause it to reprotonate to give the carboxylic acid.

How are acid chlorides formed?

By reacting carboxylic acids with PCl_3, PCl₅ or SOCl₂.

Why are acid chlorides suspectible to nucleophilic attack?

Acid chlorides are highly reactive and susceptible to nucleophilic attack due to the carbonyl carbon being electron deficient (δ+) as it is bonded to the electronegative oxygen and chlorine atoms.

Acid chlorides react with water to form?

Carboxylic acids + HCl

Acid chlorides react with alcohols to form?

Esters + HCl.

Acid chlorides react with ammonia to form what?

Amides + HCl