B2.1 supplying the cell

define active transport

the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against the concentration gradient. this requires energy

what is a hypotonic solution

the net movement of water INTO the cell via osmosis

hypOtonic - Outside

what is a hypertonic solution

the net movement of water OUT of the cell via osmosis

whats the difference between solute and solvent

solute - dissolves

solvent - dissolves something

in what state must particles be if they are going to be able to diffuse

liquid

gas

in solution

how does the following factor affect the rate of diffusion?

the difference in concentrations

higher concentration means a faster diffusion

how does the following factor affect the rate of diffusion?

larger surface area

the bigger the SA, the faster the rate of diffusion

how does the following factor affect the rate of diffusion?

shorter distance

diffusion is faster as there is less space to fill

how does the following factor affect the rate of diffusion?

higher temperatures

until a point, the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion

how does the following factor affect the rate of diffusion?

barrier is permeable to a substance

the more permeable a barrier is, the faster the rate of diffusion

where does energy come from in plants

mitochondria release energy in the form of ATP

produced during respiration

What is the role of the sperm cell

transfer genetic material from the male to the ovum

What is the role of the fat cell

store fat, used as a source of energy.

provide insulation and form protective layer around organs

What is the role of the red blood cell

delivers oxygen to body and removes co2

What is the role of the ciliated cell (eg in trachea)

hair like projections that move

job is to move mucus / liquid past the cells

What is the role of the palisade cells

carry out photosynthesis

how is this specialised cell adapted to its role

has a flagellum

lots of mitochondria to transfer energy from chemical stores so flagellum can move

acrosome - stores digestive enzymes to break down the outer layer of the ovum to allow the sperm to transfer and incorporate its genetic material

how is this specialised cell adapted to its role

small layer of cytoplasm surrounding a fat reservoir

can expand up to 1000x their original size as they fill with fat

how is this specialised cell adapted to its role

no nucleus / nucleoid region, more space for haemoglobin

Hb joins to oxygen

iron = red colour

replaced every three months

large sa from the biconcave shape to maximise diffusion of CO2 and O2

shape = flexible to go through capillaries

found in the circulatory system

how is this specialised cell adapted to its role

lots of mitochondria to provide energy from respiration for cilia to move

found in the lining of airways and fallopian tubes

how is this specialised cell adapted to its role

found in the top of the leaf, closer to the sunlight

lots of tightly packed chloroplasts

regular shaped, closely packed cells form a continuous layer for efficient and maximum absorption of sunlight

what are 6 kinds of stem cells

neurons

egg cells

muscle cells

red blood cells

epithelial cells

fat cells (adipocyte)

What is a stem cell?

an _ cell

a cell that divides by _ forming cells which can _ and become _

a cell which can develop into any type of specialised cell

used by the body during _ , _ and _

undifferentiated

mitosis

differentiate

specialised

growth

repair

development

What is interphase

when the chromosomes replicate so it contains two identical chromatids

What is prophase

chromosomes becomes visible by shortening and thickening

What is metaphase

chromosomes align at the centre of the parent cell, moved by spindle fibres

What is anaphase

the two chromatids in each chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibres to the opposite poles of the cell

What is telophase

there are now two nuclei

What is cytokinesis

the cells split in two to produce two daughter cells, each containing the same chromosomes