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Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together; could be two stimuli or a response and its consequences
Behaviorism
Perspective of psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without mental processes (thoughts)
Classical conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli thus to anticipate events
Instrumental Learning
A process in which an organism performs some learned task which is needed in producing a desires result by conditioning (rewards or punishments)
Law of Effect
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences became more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Learning
Refers to relatively permanent change to behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
Operant Conditioning
Changing behavior or associating actions in response to consequences
Observational Learning
“Social learning” learning by watching others in a social context
Acquisition
Initial stage of learning or conditioning
Conditioned Response
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response. If the US stops appearing with the CS, then CR goes away
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus which does not trigger a response
Spontaneous Recovery
A return of the conditioned response despite a lack of or pause of further conditioning, following a rest period
Discrimination
Learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization
Generalization
The tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli
Taste Aversion (Garcia Effect)
Avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food
Unconditioned Response (UR)
An unlearned naturally occuring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus which triggers a response naturally, before/without any conditioning
Learned Helplessness
A decrease in responding that occurs after exposure to uncontrollable aversion events (escape conditioning)
Insight Learning
Sudden awareness of the solution to a problem (AHA! moment)
Higher Order Conditioning
A new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus. It just needs to become associated with a previously conditioned stimulus
Continuous Reinforcement
Giving a reward every single time; behavior is acquired quickly
Negative Punishment
Take away/ subtract something pleasant or desires (Take away phone)
Negative reinforcement
Taking away something unpleasant or undesirable after a response
Partial/ intermittent Reinforcement
Giving rewards part of the time; behavior takes longer to acquire but persists longer without the reward
Positive Punishment
Add something unpleasant or aversive (Spanking a child)
Positive reinforcement
Adding something pleasureable after a response
Primary Reinforcer
Unlearned/ innately reinforcing stimulus
Punishment
Consequences that make target behavior less likely to occur in the future
Reinforcement
Any event that strengthens a behavior it follows
Secondary (unconditioned) Reinforcer
Get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers
Shaping
Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Fixed Interval Schedule
Reinforced a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Fixed Ratio Interval
Reinforced a response only after a specified number of responses
Variable Interval Schedule
Reinforce a response at unpredicted time intervals
Variable Ratio Schedule
Reinforce a response after an unpredictable number of responses