Psychology Unit 4 Learning

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38 Terms

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Associative Learning

Learning that certain events occur together; could be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

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Behaviorism

Perspective of psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without mental processes (thoughts)

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Classical conditioning

We learn to associate two stimuli thus to anticipate events

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Instrumental Learning

A process in which an organism performs some learned task which is needed in producing a desires result by conditioning (rewards or punishments)

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Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences became more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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Learning

Refers to relatively permanent change to behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

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Operant Conditioning

Changing behavior or associating actions in response to consequences

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Observational Learning

“Social learning” learning by watching others in a social context

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Acquisition

Initial stage of learning or conditioning

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Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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Conditioned Stimulus

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response. If the US stops appearing with the CS, then CR goes away

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Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus which does not trigger a response

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Spontaneous Recovery

A return of the conditioned response despite a lack of or pause of further conditioning, following a rest period

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Discrimination

Learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization

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Generalization

The tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli

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Taste Aversion (Garcia Effect)

Avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food

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Unconditioned Response (UR)

An unlearned naturally occuring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus which triggers a response naturally, before/without any conditioning

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Learned Helplessness

A decrease in responding that occurs after exposure to uncontrollable aversion events (escape conditioning)

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Insight Learning

Sudden awareness of the solution to a problem (AHA! moment)

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Higher Order Conditioning

A new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus. It just needs to become associated with a previously conditioned stimulus

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Continuous Reinforcement

Giving a reward every single time; behavior is acquired quickly

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Negative Punishment

Take away/ subtract something pleasant or desires (Take away phone)

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Negative reinforcement

Taking away something unpleasant or undesirable after a response

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Partial/ intermittent Reinforcement

Giving rewards part of the time; behavior takes longer to acquire but persists longer without the reward

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Positive Punishment

Add something unpleasant or aversive (Spanking a child)

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Positive reinforcement

Adding something pleasureable after a response

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Primary Reinforcer

Unlearned/ innately reinforcing stimulus

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Punishment

Consequences that make target behavior less likely to occur in the future

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Reinforcement

Any event that strengthens a behavior it follows

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Secondary (unconditioned) Reinforcer

Get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers

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Shaping

Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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Fixed Interval Schedule

Reinforced a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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Fixed Ratio Interval

Reinforced a response only after a specified number of responses

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Variable Interval Schedule

Reinforce a response at unpredicted time intervals

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Variable Ratio Schedule

Reinforce a response after an unpredictable number of responses