Unit 4 AP Psychology

Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive perspective

emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations

The behavioral approach

contributes an understanding that our personality development is affected by learned responses

Reciprocal determinism

describes the interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Case Study

• in depth study of one individual

• Psychoanalytic, humanistic

• Less expensive

• May not generalize to the larger population

Survey

• questioning of random sample of the population

• trait, social-cognitive

• results tend to be reliable and can be generalized

• may be expensive

• correlational findings

Projective Tests (TAT, Inkblot Tests)

• stimuli designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics

• psychodynamic

• designed to get beneath the conscious surface

• weak validity and reliability

Personality Tests

• objectively scored groups of questions designed to identify personality dispositions

• Trait

• generally reliable and validated

• explore a limited number of traits

Observation

• how indiviuals react in different situations

• social-cognitive

• allows researches to study effects of environment on persons personality

• results my not apply to larger population

Experiment

• Manipulate variables, random assignment of conditions

• Social-cognitive

• cause and effect

• some variables cannot be ethically manipulated

Spotlight Effect

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

Self-efficacy

our sense of competence and effectiveness

Dunning-Kruger Effect

When the dumbest person in the room thinks they are the smartest

Self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Drive-Reduction Theory

the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused state that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

NEED —> DRIVE —> DRIVE-REDUCING FACTORS

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

We prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning

Self-determination Theory

we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Intrinsically Motivated

the desire to preform a behavior effectively for your own sake

Extrinsically motivated

desire to preform a behavior to receive a promised reward or avoid threatened punishment

Ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or idea, for control, and for maintaining a high standard

Ghrelin

Hormone secreted by empty stomach, sends “I’m hungry signals to brain”

Orexin

Hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Leptin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells and decreases hunger

PYY

digestive track hormone, sends “I’m not hungry” signals to brain

Cannon and Bard Theory

arousal and emotion happen at the same time, your heart begins to pound as you experience fear

James and Lange Theory

arousal comes before emotions, heart races before you feel the emotion

Schachter and Singer Two Factor Theory

our emotion depends on general arousal and conical cognitive label

Zajonc and LeDoux and Lazarus

High Road- Thalamus → Cortex →Amgydala, used for complex feelings like love or hate

Low Road- Thalamus →Amgydala, cortext can process it after

Facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions