BSCI201 Opoku exam 2 articulations, skeletal, integumentary

Bursae

tiny sacs of fluid that are located near joints and help reduce friction

tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon. DIRECTLY ATTACHED

Osteoarthritis

Wearing down of the cartilage tissue (protective tissue). Bursae leak fluid causing bones to directly touch

rheumatoid arthritis

causes joint pain and will damage joints on both sides of the body; autoimmune disease. Bursae inflamed

synathrotic joints

immovable

amphiarthrotic joints

slightly movable

diarthrotic joints

freely movable

cartilaginous joints

cartilage (hyaline synarthrotic and fibrocartilage amphiarthrotic); no joint cavity

synovial joints

joint cavity present *all synovial joints are diarthrotic

pivot joint

rotation of the atlanto-axial joints; head goes NO

pivot joint f/s

F: diarthrotic

S: synovial

condyloid joint

atlanto-occipital extension; head goes NO

condyloid joint f/s

F: diarthrotic

S: synovial

gomphoses joint (ADULT)

fibrous joint that attaches the tooth to its socket

gomphoses joint f/s

f: synarthrotic

s: fibrous

intervertebral discs f/s

f: amphiarthrotic

s: cartilaginous

symphysis joint

f: ampiarthrotic

s: cartilaginous

sutures joint (CHILD)

f: amphiarthrotic

s: cartilaginous

glinging

slipping movements

rotation

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

circumduction

proxial end of a limb remains stationary and the distal end moves in a circle

adducton

movement of a limb towards the midline

abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline

extension

increases angle of a joint an increases distance between two bones

flexion

decreases the angle of a joint and reduces distance between two bones

plane joint example

intercarpal and intertarsal joints

hinge joint example

elbow and knee

pivot joint example

atlas and axis

condyloid joint example

atlanto occipital joint and knuckles

saddle joint example

only thumb

ball and socket joint example

shoulder and hip

plane joint movement and articulating surface

gliding, flat and flat

hinge joint movement and articulating surface

flexion/extension, trough and cylindrical projection

pivot joint movement and articulating surface

rotation, rounded protrusion, and ring/sleeve

condyloid joint movement and articulating surface

everything, oval protrusion/depression

saddle joint movement and articulating surface

everything, concave/convex and reverse

ball/socket joint

all but rotation, spherical head, cup-like socket

fibrous joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

cartilagenous joints

joints filled with cartilage, typically are immovable or slightly movable

Gomphosis

A type of fibrous joint such as a tooth into the alveolus

suture

a fibrous joint between flat bones of the skull

Syndesmosis

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers

type of cartilaginous joint: synchondroses

bones join by hyaline cartilage--in the epiphyseal plates of chilren

type of cartilaginous joint: symphyses

bones join by fibrocartilage

Where is a saddle joint found?

base of the thumb

articular capsule

Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

synovial membrane

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Bursa

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

Tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Menisci

flattened, shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage between the articulating surfaces of some joints

fibrous layer

Layer of the periosteum, made of dense irregular CT

osteogenis layer

Layer of periosteum, contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

bone destroying cells

Haversian canal

central canal runs in the core of each osteon, contains blood vessels/nerves

lacunae

shallow cavities in solid bone matrix. Houses osteocytes

lamella

concentric rings of calcified matrix

volkmann's canal

connection between haversian canal and periosteum

Canaliculi

tiny canals connect lacunae to Haversian canal for transfer of substances

Osteons are located in

compact bone

in the fetal skeleton hyaline cartilage is secreted from

chondroblasts

chondroblasts and fibrous cartilage are derived from

mesenchyme

intramembranous ossification

pre natal ossification developed from fibrous tissue

endochondral ossification

pre natal ossification developed from hyaline cartilage

intramembranous ossification forms

cranial and clavicle bones. All membrane bones are flat bones but not all flat bones are membrane bones

endochondral ossification forms

all bones except clavicle and cranial bones

proliferation zone

Chondroblasts divide quickly, increase in secretin of hyaline cartilage

hypertrophic zone

chondrocytes undergo growth by increasing sized

calcification/deterioration zone

hydroxyapatites move into zone calcifying matrix and killing chondrocytes

ossification/osteogenic zone

osteoblasts secrete new bone tissue called osteoid

resorption zone

resorption of the corner of new bone tissue to lengthen medullary cavity

Longitudinal postnatal ossification

indirect, height, at epiphyseal face of plates

appositional postnatal ossification

direct, width, endosteum (osteoclasts) or periosteum (osteoblasts)

normal blood calcium levels

9-11% OR 9-11 mg per 100 cc of blood

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

raises blood calcium level

osteoclast-activating factor

stimulates osteoclasts and produces severe osteoporosis

active form of vitamin D

1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

flat bones

thin, flattened, and usually curved

irregular bones

vertebrae and facial bones

long bones

longer than they are wide

short bones

bones of the wrist and ankles

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

End of a long bone

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

periosteum

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.

endosteum

lines the medullary cavity

sharpey's fibers

secure periosteum to underlying bone

epiphyseal line

remnant of epiphyseal plate

osteoid

unmineralized bone matrix

osteons

Structures in bones that carry the blood supply

epiphyseal plate closure

Bone lengthening ceases; bone of epiphysis and diaphysis fuses

Wolff's Law

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it

What does 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D do?

stimulate increased uptake of calcium from the small intestine to also increase the blood calcium

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

stratum corneum

outermost 20-30 layers of the epidermis, which consists of dead and flattened, keratinized cells.

stratum lucidum

4-5 layers of dead cells. ONLY IN THICK SKIN