CMJR; Chapter 9

What are cognitive interventions focused on?

Cognitive interventions focus on the ways in which people think.

Who developed cognitive therapy and in what decade?

Cognitive therapy was developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s.

What do automatic thoughts refer to in cognitive therapy?

Automatic thoughts are the spontaneous, almost reflective words or images that go through a person's mind as a situation arises.

What is the purpose of cognitive restructuring?

Cognitive restructuring aims to change the content of thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs.

What is the main goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

The main goal of CBT is to target dysfunctional thinking to change behavior.

What does REBT stand for?

REBT stands for Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy.

What are the ABCs in REBT?

The ABCs in REBT are Activating event, Beliefs, and Consequences.

What is a key element in the cognitive model concerning crime?

Antisocial cognitions are a major risk factor for criminal behavior.

What is cognitive skills training aimed at doing?

Cognitive skills training aims to improve cognitive processes such as problem-solving and conflict resolution.

How many stages are in Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

There are six stages in Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

What are cognitive skill deficits associated with antisocial behavior?

Common deficits include impulsivity, poor problem solving, and low self-control.

What is the focus of moral education programs in corrections?

Moral education programs promote growth in moral judgments and pro social orientations.

What are common skills taught in cognitive skills programs?

Skills such as understanding others' feelings, apologizing, and dealing with peer pressure are taught.

What is a key principle of the Risk-Need-Responsivity model?

The model dictates that intervention should be evidence-based.

What does the term 'proactive criminal thinker' refer to?

A proactive criminal thinker engages in criminal behavior to achieve a specific goal.

What are cognitive interventions primarily concerned with?

They are concerned with identifying thoughts and beliefs that lead to maladaptive actions.

What did Beck establish about dysfunctional thinking?

Beck proposed that dysfunctional thinking is common to all psychological problems.

What is mindfulness in the context of cognitive strategies?

Mindfulness involves openly attending to one's present moment experience without judgment.

What role does VR play in cognitive interventions?

VR provides an immersive environment for teaching and practicing skills.

What is the role of grounding in mindfulness interventions?

Grounding involves paying attention to present bodily sensations, thoughts, and emotions.

What did Goldstein's equip program focus on?

Goldstein's equip program focused on social skills training.

What is the goal of cognitive skills training for correctional clients?

The goal is to equip clients with the reasoning process necessary to avoid antisocial behavior.

What is a distinctive feature of the REBT counselor's approach?

The REBT counselor is active, educational, and sometimes confrontational about irrational beliefs.

What are the stages of Kohlberg's moral development model?

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional are the stages.

How does cognitive skills training benefit low-risk clients?

Programs for low-risk clients often do not yield significant positive results.

What does Anger Control Training (ACT) focus on?

ACT teaches participants to recognize signs of anger and manage it effectively.

What is the purpose of moral recognition therapy (MRT)?

MRT aims to develop and improve moral reasoning through graded discussions and exercises.

How do cognitive interventions assist justice-involved juveniles?

They provide skills and strategies to manage thoughts and behaviors positively.

What can mind mapping help with in cognitive skills programs?

Mind mapping assists in visually organizing and planning thoughts and ideas.

What is the importance of feedback in cognitive skills teaching?

Feedback helps clients refine their skills and improve their comprehension.

What role does self-reflection play in cognitive interventions?

Self-reflection allows individuals to assess their thoughts and feelings critically.

What is the expected outcome of effective CBT programs?

Reduced recidivism rates among participants.

What is an external locus of control in moral reasoning?

An external locus of control refers to making decisions based on external rewards or punishments.

What is a significant challenge in scaling cognitive interventions?

Maintaining program integrity and treatment fidelity.

What component is emphasized in social skills training for correctional settings?

Emphasis is placed on practical application and situational role-playing.

What is a common component in correctional programs addressing trauma?

Cognitive-behavioral techniques integrated with trauma-informed care.

What can be a key factor in improving the effectiveness of cognitive interventions?

The training of non-clinical staff in implementing cognitive methods.

acceptance

accepting one's present state with openness and curiosity

behavior chain

a tool for identifying risky thoughts, so that those thoughts can be targeted for change; consists of situation, thoughts, feelings, action, and consequences; a pictorial form of a thinking report

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

a compilation of cognitive and behavior therapy which recognizes that cognitions, as well as behaviors, are learned and that behavior is prompted, supported, mediated, and reinforced by cognitions; the major goal of CBT approaches is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are detrimental to clients

cognitive model

a model that proposes that it is dysfunctional thinking that influences feelings and behavior, and when individuals think in a more realistic and adaptive way, they experience fewer problem behaviors

cognitive skills

a model of cognitive or cognitive behavioral approaches in which interventions seek to improve cognitive processes- the structure and for of reasoning (i.e., how we think) rather than its content

cognitive therapy (CT)

developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s; he proposed that dysfunctional thinking was common to all psychological problems, and by teaching individuals to evaluate their thinking, and develop more realistic and adaptive thought patterns, their mood and behaviors would improve. 

conventional reasoning

one of three levels of reasoning in the moral development continuum in which prosocial, empathic orientations and the notion of an internalized value system or conscience begin (Stage 3); and an individual begins to place priority on the importance of maintaining social systems (Stage 4)

core beliefs

the global or overgeneralized ways that individuals see the world; they are foundational to the way in which individuals interpret situations. 

criminal thinking styles

a model developed by Glenn Walters that describes seven specific criminal thinking styles that are empirically predictive of criminal conduct; these thinking styles are identified via a validated assessment called the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS)

moral dilemmas

situations in which an individual must make a difficult choice between two or more courses of action that conflict with one's moral principles interventions designed under the assumption that growth moral education programs moral judgment is most likely to occur when an individual interacts with prosocial environmental factors that encourage growth

postconventional reasoning

one of three levels of reasoning in the moral development continuum in which moral reasoning adheres to a notion of universal rights that should exist exclusive of laws or circumstances (Stage 5); and such ethical principles of justice as the right to life and respect for the dignity of other persons as ends rather than means are used to generate moral decisions (Stage 6) preconventional reasoning one of three levels of reasoning in the moral development continuum in which blind obedience to authority is employed only to avoid trouble or punishment without any consideration of the interests of others (Stage 1); and the right course of action is predicated on avoidance of punishment or to further one's own self-interests (Stage 2)

program fidelity

the degree to which a program adheres to the design of the original model; also called program integrity; can impact the effectiveness of a program

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a foundational, popular cognitive restructuring approach that teaches clients to recognize how irrational thoughts or beliefs can lead to negative emotional states that impair our existence

reducers

 strategies that are taught in anger control training as a means of helping individuals reduce levels of anger; such strategies may include visualization of peaceful scenes, deep breathing, thinking about the consequences of acting out anger, and counting backward

stages of moral judgment

the six stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's cognitive developmental classification system that classifies individuals according to the ways in which they think about justice, fairness, and "right" courses of action 

thinking reports

a tool for identifying risky thoughts, so that those thoughts can be targeted for change; often consists of situation, thoughts, feelings, behavior, and consequences, and sometimes includes new or restructured thoughts; similar purpose as a behavior chain