juvenile delinquency 2

Recent studies have indicated that as a result of deinstitutional ization, children who can no longer be detained are being reliables as delinquent offenders in order to house the youth in secure facilities

True

Voluntary apprentices were bound out by parents or guardians who wished to secure training for their children

True

“____ offenders" is the term used to describe youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts

chronic juvenile offenders

Although most adolescents age out of crime, a relatively small number of youth begin to violate the law early in their lives and continue at a high rate well into adulthood; those who fall into this category are often referred to as an ______ offender

life-course persistent

The superego according to Freud, is formed when youths develop a full sense of the self, combining how they see themselves and how they fit in with others.

False

Some states grant the juvenile court judge discretion to substitute a status offense for a delinquency charge.

True

Involuntary apprenticeship, indenture, and binding out of children did not become responses to the problems of indigent, delinquent, or orphaned children until the late 18th century.

False

Delinquent behavior tends to be sanctioned less heavily than adult criminality because the law considers juveniles as being less responsible for their behavior than adults.

True

Minors in the United States that are apprehended for any criminal act are always charged as a juvenile, and then adjudicated delinquent

False

As soon as they were physically able to do so, children of peasants were expected to engage in adult roles.

True

Complied by the U.S Inspector General, the UCR is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics

False

A poor economy may actually aid in lowering delinquency rates because the opportunities available to youth to engage in criminal behavior are limited

True

According to official statistics, minority youths are arrested for serious criminal behavior at a rate that is proportionate to their representation in the population.

False

While it is true that middle-and upper-class youth also engage in delinquent acts, they are less likely to join gangs or commit serious felony offenses

True

When considering the validity of self-report studies, researchers do not consider the phenomenon of missing cases to be of major concern

False

As a means to deal with fear of peer rejection or loneliness, research indicates some kids turn to crime

True

The age at which youth began their delinquent careers is called the age of onset

True

NCVS data tells us that teenage victimization is not interracial

True

Compatible information and data extracted and pooled together from a number of previous studies is referred to as data mining

False

The process by witch juvenile offenders continue on with their delinquent careers rather than aging out of crime is referred to as ____.

persistence

Nineteenth-century reformers who'd developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system in the United States were referred to as ____

child savers

under which doctrine are delinquent acts not considered criminal violations nor are delinquents considered criminals

Parens Patriae

In what court case did an appellate court hold that a young child whose development al immaturity may result in trial incompetence despite the absence of any underlying mental or development abnormality, this overruling prior case law that held that children must have either a mental disorder or a developmental disability to be deemed as incompetent to stand trial?

Timothy V. Superior Court

What is the single most effective preventive strategy against adult property?

graduate from high school

Which of the following refers to youths who are spread too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of people who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves?

role diffusion

Which of the following supreme court cases provided the possibility of a parole for a youth under the age of 18?

Miller v. Alabama

English statutes that allowed the courts to appoint overseers ever destitute and neglected children, allowing placement of these children as servants in the homes of the affluent were referred to as ____

Poor laws

The UCR includes both criminal acts reported to local law enforcement departments and ____

number of arrests made by police departments

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between weather and delinquent behavior?

Juveniles commit more violent crime when the weather is warmer

The age at which youths begin their delinquent careers is referred to as the ___

age of onset

If you wanted to examine the changes in the number of juveniles arrested each year, the best source of this data would be found in which of the following?

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Delinquency experts have identified a variety of factors that influence juvenile crime rates and trends, which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

abortion

Which program collects data on each reported crime incident and requires local police to provide at least a brief account of each incident and arrest

NIBRS

The unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various participants in an economy is known as ____

income inequality

Today, experts who study crime and delinquency rely on three primary sources, which of the following is NOT considered to be one of these sources?

Monitoring the future survey (MTF)

It has been indicated that reporting practices in regard to self-repot surveys may differ among racial, ethnic, and gender groups and that such differences can skew data, thereby providing misleading results. In one study, which of the following reported results would align to gender/cultural/ reporting differences?

Girls were more willing to report drug use; Hispanic girls tended to underreport substance abuse

Which federal agency is responsible for collecting the data for the UCR?

Federal Bureau of Investigation

refers to the police practice of routinely searching, questioning, and detaining African American males in an area, especially after a crime has been committed involving a black suspect

Racial Profiling

___ crimes are described as offenses that are designed to improve the financial or social position of the offender

instrumental

___ refers to analyzing the relationship between two or more independent variables while controlling for the influence of a dependent variable.

Disaggregated

___ crimes as criminal offenses that have no real purpose except to accomplish the behavior at hand.

expressive

___ is a philosophical viewpoint that encourages the state to take control over wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior

best interest of the child

As early as 1535, the English parliament created statutes known as ___ laws that allowed the courts to appoint overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the homes of the affluent

poor

According to Erik Erikson ___ is formed when youths develop a full sense of self, combining how they see themselves and how they fit in with others

ego-identity

In the Supreme Court case of ___ the court determined that a juvenile under the age of 18 who commits a capital crime cannot face the death penalty

Roper v. Simmons

During the middle ages, the right of the first born son referred to as ____ was invoked allowing for him to inherent all lands and titles, leaving his later born brothers the option of either military or religious service.

paternalistic

Development of culturally sensitive explanations of human behavior in the 1930s led to the nature theory of intelligence

False

Research has shown that there is a correlation between adolescent aggression and disrupted dependency relations with one’s parents

True

According to the rational choice view, delinquents are not very careful and logical decision makers.

False

According to Freud, the superego is the unrestrained, primitive, pleasure-seeking component of the human personality with which each child is born

False

According to deterrence theory, only the actual chance of punishment influences a youth's decision to engage in delinquency

False

Social disorganization theory holds that delinquency is tied to the personal characteristics or culture of the residents as opposed to the neighborhood characteristics

False

Disjunction between expectations and achievements occurs when youths aspire to wealth and fame, but lack the financial and educational resources to achieve their goals

False

Research has found that crimes appear to be intergenerational, suggesting that parental deviance influences delinquent behavior

True

The view of general strain theory (GST) is that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to produce criminality

True

According to social disorganization theory, criminal behavior is considered more a rebellion against conventional society than as an expression of conformity to lower-class subcultural values and traditions.

False

Shame is a powerful tool of informal social control

True

Embarrassment is the feeling we get when we do not meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us

False

There has been an ongoing effort to reduce the conflict created by the application of harsh punishment to offenders, many of whom are powerless social outcasts

True

Research efforts have generally shown that BARJ (Balanced and Restorative Justice) programs have little to no success in reducing offender recidivism rates

False

The concept of restorative justice has its roots in symbiotic interactionism

False

Which theory links the onset of delinquency to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society?

Social bond

The Process by which people learn to adopt the behavior patterns of the community and develop the skills necessary to participate and function within their culture and environment is referred to as ____

socialization

The view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms; and as a result, sometimes come into conflict with conventional society is referred to as the ___

culture of poverty

___ is a form of culture conflict experienced by lower class youths because social conditions prevent them from achieving success as defined by the larger society

status frustration

According to Messner and Rosenfeld, what distinctive feature in American society has been allowed to develop to an extraordinary degree?

anomic conditions

According to social reaction theorists, what may lead to a damaged self-image and an increase in antisocial behaviors by young offenders

self-fulfilling prophecy

What source of labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek deviant peers whose behavior amplifies the effect of the label?

parental

What process is said to occur when the placing of formal labels alienates parents from their children, with negative labels reducing children's self- image and increasing delinquency

reflected appraisals

According to Durkheim, what specifically undermines society's social control function ?

anomie

Who is considered to be the founder of the classical school of criminology?

Cesare Beccaria

According to Hirschi and Hindenlag, there is a clear link between criminality and:

low intelligence

What theory explain the explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in humans?

evolutionary theory

Cesare Beccaria's position that the only true way to deter a person from future criminal acts was to ensure that his/her's punishment was:

certain and swift

What theory holds that low intelligence is generally determined and inherited?

nature

The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically smilier to throwbacks of an earlier state in human evolution was formulated by Lambrosio, and is commonly referred to as:

criminal atavism

Which theory maintains that all people have the potential to violate the law, as modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activities that promise immediate reward and gratification?

social control

The ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community institutions (i.e. family, and schools) is referred to as ___

collective efficacy

What is the process called when labels become the basis of personal identity; as the labels become more and more negatively enforced by feedback from significant persons in the youth's life and the

dramatization of evil

In regard to understanding the causes of antisocial behavior, theorists today focus their attention on two conditions: biological and ___

psychological

___ theory links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development

trait

The ____ school of criminology holds that the decisions to violate the law comes after one carefully weighs the potential benefits and costs of criminal behavior

classical

A ___ disorder refers to the condition in which the prevailing emotion disposition is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances

mood

The view of ___ holds that youths are inc charge of their own destinies and are able to make personal behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors.

Free will

___ theory centers upon a set of attitudes or beliefs that allow would- be delinquents to negate any moral apprehension they may have about committing crime so that they may freely engage in antisocial behavior without regret.

Neutralization techniques

According to general strain theory (GST), child abuse and neglect, school failure, family and/or peer conflicts, racism, and discrimination are experiences associated with a category of strain referred to as the presence of ___

negative stimuli

___ refers to the ability of social institutions to influence human behavior

social control

___ theory focuses on how a unique lower class culture develops in disorganized neighborhoods whose set of values and beliefs put residents in conflict with conventional social norms.

cultural deviance theory

According to Walter Miller, clinging to ___ may promote illegal or violent behavior

lower-class focal concerns

According to reaction theorists, the younger the adolescent, the more powerful the negative ___ can have on his or her self-image.

labels

___ labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause children to seek out deviant peers whose behavior amplifies the effect of the labeling

parental

____ refers to the process in which a person’s awareness of how other people see them becomes the basis of self-perception

reflected appraisal

Membership in a(n) ___ often involves conforming to group norms that conflict with those of conventional society

deviant subculture

___ refers to the process of reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized label.

retrospective reading