human bio

Describe how glucagon can cause an increase in blood glucose concentration

Glucagon (acts on liver) to convert glycogen to glucose/ glycogenolysis

Amino acids converted to glucose/gluconeogenesis

Fatty acids are converted to glucose/lipolysis

What are the steps in recombinant DNA?

1.      The gene of interest (e.g. insulin or antigen) is isolated (usually isolated from a human donor DNA)

2.      The restriction enzyme cuts the DNA at a specific recognition site of either side of the gene of interest. This creates creates stick ends (stretch of unpaired nucleotides in a DNA molecule that overhang at the break in the strands.)

3.      The plasmid (a circulator, double stranded DNA molecule which acts as a vector) is isolated from bacterial cell. The same restriction enzyme is used to cut the plasmid at the restriction site to produce complimentary stick ends to the gene of interest on the plasmid

4.      The gene of interest is now inserted into the cut plasmid. The enzyme DNA ligase joins the sticky ends (one from gene and one from plasmid)
This forms recombinant DNA which is the name given to any DNA that has been artificially made by joining components of different organisms.

5.      The recombinant plasmid is then introduced into the bacterial cell, now becoming the transgenic organism which is given to living things containing genes of different organisms. Replication of the transgenic organism occurs, causing the foreign gene to be cloned, allowing for numerous copies of the recombinant DNA to the available to insert into the host cell.

6.      Once the transgenic organism has replicated enough, it is then introduced to the selected host cell (like a yeast or bacterial cell). It then produces the foreign protein using the instruction from the gene in the recombinant DNA

How does vasodilation decrease body temperature?

Vasodilation by bringing blood close to the surface. Heat can then be removed through radiation/conduction/ convection.

A 10.00 mL aliquot of 0.05119 mol L^-1 NaOH(aq) was transferred to a 250.0 mL volumetric flask, and made up to the mark with distilled water. The flask was stoppered and inverted several times.                       

n(NaOH)                     =          0.05119 x 0.01                                     =          5.119 x 10-4 mol

c(NaOH)                     =          5.119 x 10-4 / 0.250                                     =          2.0476 x 10-3 mol L-1

[H+]                              =          (1.0 x 10-14) / (2.0476 x 10-3)                                     =          4.8838 x 10-12 mol L-1

pH                               =          – log(4.8838 x 10-12)                                     =          11.3112