IGSCE 0610 Biology Exam Review

Kingdom

Largest grouping for classifying organisms. 5 kingdoms including animals, plants, fungi, protoctists, and prokaryotes (bacteria)

Phylum

Second group for classifying animals which comes from dividing the kingdoms into smaller groups

Nutrition

Obtaining of food to provide energy and substances needed for growth and repair like photosynthesis and ingestion

Respiration

Involves chemical reactions that occur in cells to break down nutrients, such as glucose, to release energy

Movement

Organisms move themselves or move parts of themselves into new areas or to chance position

Growth

Growth is a permanent increase in size and the dry mass of an organism and can involve an increase in cell number, cell size, or both

Excretion

Removal of the metabolic waste

Sensitivity

The ability to detect stimuli and respond to them

Reproduction

Organisms reproduce to make new individuals

Gametes

Sex cells

Binomial

Means two names and used to help classify animals based on their species and genus name

Invertebrates

Do not have a vertebral column

Nematodes

- Group of worms that have thread-like bodies that taper at mouth or anus

- No obvious head and no legs

- Not made up of segments

- Most are tiny

- Some are parasites living inside of another animal

Annelids

- Worms with soft bodies made up of segments

- Some have paddle-like extensions for moving

- Have chaetae or bristles for making contact with mud or soil

- Most live in sea

- Earthworms have pointed front end to body and make mucus as lubricant as they live in soil

Mollusks

- Soft bodies that are not segmented

- Have muscular foot for burrowing or movement

- Many have shells for protection

- Animal is able to retreat for protection

Arthropods

- Largest phyla in animal kingdom

- Has segmented body

- An exoskeleton (external skeleton)

- Jointed legs

Crustaceans

- Body divided in cephalothorax and abdomen

- Many have chalky exoskeleton which protects them

- Two pairs of antennae

- Compound eyes

- 5 to 20 pairs of legs

- Breathe using gills

- Nearly all live in water

Myriapods

- Centipedes and millipedes

- Bodies not divided into separate segments

- Centipedes have one pair legs per segment and are fast carnivores

- Millipedes have two pairs legs per segment and are slow herbivores

Insects

- Head, thorax, and abdomen

- On thorax 3 pairs of legs

- 2 pairs of wings

- One pair of antennae

- Compound eyes made of individual components

- Breathe through holes in thorax and abdomen called spiracles

- Live in most habitats in the world though few in sea

- Covered by waterproof cuticle

- Largest group within the arthropods

Cuticle

Waterproof layer that helps water from being lost

Arachnids

- Abdomen and cephalothorax

- Four pairs of legs

- No wings

- Have several pairs of simple eyes

- Paralyze their pray with poison fangs

- Able to weave silken webs with spinnerets

Fish

- Live in water permanently

- Streamlined

- Have fins for swimming and for balance

- Eyes and lateral line for detecting pressure changes

- Breathe dissolved oxygen from water with gills

- Skin is covered in scales

- No ears and no limbs

Amphibians

- Smooth moist skin

- Most live on land

- Fertilization is external

- Development is external

- On land breathe with lungs

- Breathe through skin in water

Reptiles

- Dry scaly skin to cut down water loss

- Live in dry water but return to water to breed

- Fertilization is internal

- Development is external

- Have lungs to breathe air

Birds

- Feathers and front limbs modified as wings

- Most can fly

- No teeth but some have beaks to adapt to different foods

- Fertilization is internal

- Development is external

- Birds are homothermic

Mammals

- Have hair or fur

- Fertilization and development are internal

- Females suckle their young on milk from mammary glands

- Use lungs for breathing

- Also homothermic

Homothermic

Ability to regulate body temperature to keep it constant without environment. Also known as warm-blooded

Pathogen

Microbes that cause disease

Bacteria

A type of microorganism consisting of single cells. Each bacterial cell has cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall but has no nucleus

Fungi

A type of microorganism consisting of multicellular and single cells and each have a nucleus and cell wall made of chitin and not cellulose like plants. Do not have chlorophyll and cannot carry out photosynthesis.

Mycelium

The main fungus body

Hyphae

Branching network of threads which grow over its food source and releases enzymes which digest the food outside the fungus

Virus

A microorganism that cannot be seen under the light microscope. Smaller than bacteria, they consist of nucleic acid (DNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They can only reproduce inside of living organisms

Chloroplast

Small structure containing chlorophyll that is found in plant cells and carries out photosynthesis

Xylem

The plant tissue that transports water and mineral salts from roots to leaves, flowers, and fruits

Phloem

The plant tissue that transports sugars and amino acids

Shoot

Part of plant above ground

Apical bud

Part where stem grows new leaves

Cotyledon

Part of the embryo of a flowering plant-a seed leaf. In many plants cotyledons are food stores for the embryo

Monocot

- Leaves have parallel veins