Chem 2C Midterm 1

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Cathode

Reduction

Anode

Oxidation

Primary Cell Batteries

Cannot be recharged (dry cell batteries, silver-zinc batteries)

Dry Cell Batteries

Acidic or alkaline, anode = zinc and cathode = manganese oxide. Hold charge a long time, and good for emergency use

Silver-Zinc/Button Batteries

Small with a high-storage capacity, very toxic if swallowed, anode = zinc and cathode = silver

Secondary Cell Batteries

Can be recharged, cell reaction reversed with electricity

Lead-Acid/Storage Batteries

Concentration cell with HSO4 and lead, used for car batteries, can last for years, can explode if jumped incorrectly, needs to be topped off with water as HSO4 concentration changes over time, can't start at low temps due to contraction

NiCad Batteries

Home-use rechargable batteries and have memory, alkaline, anode = cadmium and cathode = nickel

Lithium Battery (Li-Ion Cell)

Reliable with long lifetime, twice the capacity of NiCad batteries, avoid heat, used in pacemakers and laptops and more, have potential for deep discharge but varies. Cathode and anode are different kinds of lithium ions/compounds

Flow/Fuel Cell Batteries

Converts chemical to electrical energy, fuel and oxygen, used by power-plants and NASA, cell burns cleanly with only water as a product, spontaneous, platinum is used as a catalyst, not really a battery

Air Batteries

Water and aluminum used as reactants, cathode is oxygen, aluminum from reaction recycled and reused, must be reset every 250 miles (add 6 gallon of water, remove aluminum hydroxide)

Corrosion

Oxidation of metal, for example rust where cathode = oxygen and water and anode = iron

Plating

putting a sacrificial anode onto another metal to prevent corrosion

Alloy

Mixture of metals, homogeneous or not

Cathode Protection

technique for controlling corrosion of a metal

Sacrificial Anode

Oxidizes first before metal it's protecting

Electrolysis

Forcing a non-spontaneous reaction to occur via electricity

Radii

decrease and then increase across row, first row is small and second and third rows are approximately the same because of lanthanide contraction

Density

increases then decreases across the row, and third row has significantly higher densities than other rows because of lanthanide contraction

Transition Metal Character

ionic and covalent

Color

Partially filled d shells give color, and fully filled or unfilled ones are colorless or white

Magnetism

Paramagnetic or ferromagnetic

Metallurgy

Process of making pure metal from ore

Palladium

catalytic converters, medical equipment, jewelry (white gold), blood sugar test strips

Scandium

Rare element
+3 oxidation state
resembles that of the lanthanides, colorless and diamagnetic
prepared by electrolysis of molten ScCl3
Used in high-intensity lamps, aluminum alloys (bats, bicycles, aerospace components),
dentistry lasers

Titanium

Low density and high strength
Used in jet engines, artificial bones/joints and to make pipes, pumps, and reaction vessels
in the chemical industry

Titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2
Highly opaque substance so used as white pigment in paper, paint, and plastics
Exists in compounds in the +4 oxidation state

Vanadium

Used in alloys with titanium and iron since it is hard and corrosion-resistant
• Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5): Used in engine parts, axles and as industrial catalyst for
the production of sulfuric acid
Principal oxidation state +5

Chromium

• Rare element and an important industrial material, Chief ore - Chromite (FeCr2O4)

• Hard and brittle

• Maintains a bright surface by creating a tough invisible oxide coating (corrosion resistant)

• oxidation states +2, +3, or +6

• Chromium (VI) species are excellent oxidizing agents in acidic solution (Reduction of

dichromate ion (Cr2O72–) to the Cr3+ ion.

• Used in plating, the red color of rubies, pigments, leather tanning, wood preservative,

catalyst, and Cleaning solution which is A mixture of chromium(VI) oxide and concentrated

H2SO4 (Powerful oxidizing medium that can remove organic materials from analytical

glassware)

Manganese

Source - Manganese nodules (MnO2 as the primary ore)

• Found on the ocean floor in the form of spherical rocks

• Exists in all oxidation states from +2 to +7

• Used as a pigment, rust treatment, gasoline additive

• Used for producing hard steel, which is used for rock crushers, bank vaults, and armor plates, and dry cell batteries

Iron

Most abundant heavy metal

• The most important element in modern civilization, its production started in

the Middle Bronze Age

• Most common element by mass on Earth, which forms the inner and outer

core

• Highly reactive toward oxidizing agents: Iron rapidly oxidizes in moist air to

form rust

• +2 and +3 oxidation states, Used in Steel, Alloys, and Haemoglobin.

Cobalt

Appears bluish white, very toxic.

• +2 and +3 oxidation states

• Used in alloys such as stainless steel, dyes to color glass, catalyst, B12, magnets, drill bits

Nickel

Has high electric and thermal conductivity

• Resistant to corrosion, +2 oxidation state

• Used for plating, steel, alloys, coinage, electroplating, magnets,

NiCad batteries, guitar strings, catalysts for hydrogenation

Platinum

Nickel family,+2 and +4, least reactive metal, good catalyst, Catalyst, catalytic converter, jewelry

Copper

Valued for its high electrical conductivity and its resistance to corrosion

• +1, +2 oxidation state

• Used for plumbing and electrical applications (wires, integrated circuits)

Constituent in alloys such as brass, sterling silver, and gold (18-karat)

Silver

+1

alloys (mercury + silver tooth fillings), coinage metal, jewelry

Gold

+1 and +3

Used in jewelry and tooth fillings

Zinc

Used for galvanizing steel

+2 oxidation state

Mercury

+1 and +2,

Thermometers, barometers, dental filling (Hg in Ag), fluorescent lights, calomel electrode

CO

carbonyl

NO

Nitrosyl

CH3NH2

methylamine

C5H5N

Pyridine

O (2-)

oxo

OH-

Hydroxo

CN-

Cyano

SO4 (2-)

sulfato (sulfate)

S2O3 (2-)

Thiosulfato

NO2 (-)

Nitrito-N-

ONO (-)

Nitrito-O-

SCN (-)

Thiocyanato-S-

NCS (-)

Thiocyanato-N-

En

ethylenediamine (bidentate)

ox (2-) or C2O4 (2-)

Oxalato (bidentate)

EDTA (4-)

ethylenediaminetetraacetato (Hexadentate)

Iron

ferrate

Copper

cuprate

tin

stannate

silver

argentate

lead

plumbate

gold

aurate

Structural isomers

Coordination, linkage, ionization

Linkage Isomers

Ligand connecting with different atoms (ex: SCN vs CNS)

Ionization isomers

Ligand and counter ion swap

Coordination isomers

Two transition metals in same complex swap partners/ligands

cis

different axes

trans

same axes, never chiral

fac

same face

mer

same plane/neighboring, never chiral