Biology II Unit 2 (Ch 28-32)

Dr. Robin Wall Kimmerer was a distinguished professor and director of Center for _______________ Peoples and the Environment @ SUNY-ESF

native

Kimmerer was a citizen of _______________ Nation

Potawatomi

TEK: Traditional __________________ Knowledge

Ecological

Kimmerer was the celebrated author of Gathering Moss and _________________ Sweetgrass

Braiding

Welwitschia ______________

mirabilis

Welwitschia mirabilis lives in harsh Northern ______________ desert

Namib

Welwitschia mirabilis survives by absorbing water from sea fog and deep ________________

groundwater

Welwitschia mirabilis key role for animals and humans in otherwise arid ______________

desert

Description of a Welwitschia mirabilis: ~1m tall with only __________ large leaves that split over time

two

Welwitschia mirabilis is a_________________ plant with pink pollen cones and blue-green seed cones

dioecious

Some plants estimated to be >______________ years old

2000

Clade of green algae & land plants: ____________ or "green plants"

viridiplantae

Green algae: primarily ___________

aquatic

Green algae is a ___________

protist

Green algae is the closest living relative to _____________ plants

land

Land plants: _________________ environment

terrestrial

Transition from aquatic to ____________ life when land plants evolved from green algae

terrestrial

Humans could not live without _______________ or green algae

plants

Humans rely on plants for _____________, fuel, fiber, building materials and ______________

food, medicine

Plants lead to ________________, forestry and horticulture

agriculture

Ecosystem services: ______, build and maintain soil, moderate local climate

o2

Primary production: support virtually all other ___________ on Earth

life

Global carbon cycle: plants take in ___________ and sequester it to grow, carbon stored in plants

carbon

Food: agriculture began ~____________ years ago

12,000

Fuel: ___________ and fossil fuels

wood

Fiber and building material: clothing and _____________

housing

Medicine: ________ of prescriptions in US contain plant derived molecules

25%

Scientists study diversification in plants using: _______________ traits, ______________ record, and _______________ trees

morphological, fossil, phylogenetic

________________-500,000 species of green algae and land plants are identified today

450,000

Green algae can be unicellular or ________________

multicellular

Green algae is _______________ (sometimes there is specialization of labor)

colonial

Green algae have a majority ________________ habitats

aquatic

Freshwater green algae is hypothesized to be closely related to ______________ plants

land

The hypothesis about freshwater green algae is based on similar _____________ structure, cells walls, storage product, and pigments

chloroplast

There are three primary groups of land plants: _________________, _______________ _______________ and ________________

nonvascular, seedless vascular, seed

Nonvascular plants: no _______________ tissue, use ____________ for reproduction and dispersal (moss)

vascular, spores

Seedless vascular plants: well-developed ________________ tissue, ______________ for reproduction and dispersal (ferns)

vascular, spores

Seed plants: have ____________ tissue, use ______________ for reproduction and dispersal

vascular, seeds

Gymnosperms= ___________ seed

naked

Angiosperms= _____________ seed

encased

Example of gymnosperms

conifers

Example of angiosperms

flowering plants

Green algae fossil record: 700-______ mya

725

Land plant fossil record: _______ mya

475

Challenges for plants: ____________ (drying out), _____________ of light, overcome _______________, ______________ on land

desiccation, intensity, gravity, reproduction

Three innovations that came from the origin of land plants: _____________, ______________, and ____________

cuticles, spores, sporangia

Cuticle

waxy layer to resist drying

Spores

coated in sporopollenin which prevents spores from drying

Sporangia

spore-producing structure

Silurian-Devonian Explosion: virtually all adaptation to allow plants to live in dry, terrestrial environments when ___________ appear

stomata

Stomata (stoma)

openings that allow gas exchange

Carboniferous period: most fossils from seedless ____________ plants

vascular

During the diversification of gymnosperms is when _____________ first appeared

mammals

Seeds

reproductive structure with nutritious tissue and hard covering

Pollen

sperm-producing gametophyte with protective coating

The diversification of angiosperms is also called what

the age of flowering plants

Fruit

mature, ripened ovary along with seeds and associated structures

Fruit disperses via wind, ____________, other pollinators or even animal waste

insect

Phylogenetic trees are grouped according to overall ________ structure and/or distinctive characteristics

cell

Green plants are _________________

monophyletic

Land plants are ________________

monophyletic

Land plants had one transition from ____________ to ______________

water, land

Land plants vascular tissue evolved ______________

once

Land plant seed evolved _______________ (and then diverged)

once

_______________________ are the closest living relative to land plants

zygnematophyceae

Controlling _______________ loss was a fundamental adaptation of land plants

water

Surviving intense ________________ because light is much brighter on land than in water

sunlight

Greater exposure to harmful ___________ rays

UV

Plants have ______-absorbing compounds

UV

Plants had to learn to grow ________________ in air

upright

The first land plants had __________ sprawling growth

low

The evolution of __________________ tissue allowed plants to be rigid enough to avoid falling over

vascular

Fossils with vascular tissue from Rhynie _____________ formation in Scotland

Chert

Cell walls thickened with rings of _______________

lignin

Tracheids help gas exchange and __________ or nutrients

water

Sexual reproduction is important because it increases genetic _________________, the number of individuals, and dispersion to new habitats

variability

______________ that resist drying (tough coat); disperse by wind

spores

_______________ produced in specialized, multicellular structures

gametes

_______________ that are retained on and nourished by parent plant

embryos

Gametes develop in ______________

gametangia

Gametangia protects gametes from _________________ out and from physical damage

drying

Gametangia is present in all living plants except _______________

angiosperms

Antheridia (antheridium)

sperm producing

Archegonia (archegonium)

egg producing

Instead of shedding eggs into water/soil, land plants retain them in the ______________

archegonia

Development begins on the parent plant, forming a multicellular ____________ that remains attached and nourished

embryo

All land plants undergo _________________ of generations

alternation

The phyte suffix means

plant

Two multlicellular phases: ______________ gametophyte (produce gametes), _______________ sporophyte (produces spore)

haploid, diploid

Many algae (including some green algae) also have _________________ of generations, but evidence suggests it arose independently in plants (convergent evolution)

alternation

Sporophyte produces _________________ spores (through process of _______________)

haploid, meiosis

Spores germinate and develop into multicellular, haploid ______________ (through process of ______________)

gametophyte, mitosis

Gametophytes produce _____________ gametes (through process of ________________)

haploid, mitosis

Two gametes fuse during fertlization to form a _______________ _____________ (through process of __________________)

diploid zygote, fertilization

Zygote divides (______________) and grows into multicellular, diploid __________________

mitosis, sporophyte

__________________ plants: sporophyte is small and short-lived; gametophyte-dominated

nonvascular

_____________________ plants: sporophyte much larger and longer-lived; sporophyte-dominated (evolved later)

vascular

Sporophyte-dominated life cycles are advantageous because it is easy to _____________ with one organism

reproduce

More copies of genes = more genetic _________________= better evolution

diversity

Nonvascular and most seedless vascular plants display ______________

homospory