General Psychology Exam #2

What is observational learning? How do children do this?

The process of acquiring new behaviors or skills by watching and imitating the actions of others.

Positive punishment

An aversive stimulus is imposed as a consequence of undesirable behavior, which over time tends to reduce the frequency of the punishment (ADD)

Negative punishment

A reinforcing stimulus is removed as a consequence of an undesirable behavior, which over time tends to reduce the frequency of the undesirable behavior (REMOVE)

Positive reinforcement

Strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs

Negtive reinforcement

Strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs

The least effective form of operant conditioning

Negative punishment, as it may not provide clear feedback on what behavior is desired.

Neutral stimuli

Stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response. (Bell)

Unconditioned stimuli

Stimulus elicits an unlearned response. (Food)

Stimuli

Any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism

Response

Any action or reaction an organism (including you) makes in response to a stimulus

The reason our body doesn’t reject transplanted organs

is due to the body's immune system being suppressed or modified to tolerate the foreign tissue. This process is known as immunosuppression, which helps prevent the immune system from attacking the transplanted organ.

_____ can help us remember more than 7 items at a time

Chunking

What is imagination inflation?

Just imagining event can make you more likely to develop a false memory for that event by increasing confidence in the memory's accuracy.

"My very excellent mother just served us nachos" might help you remember the order of planets. This method of remembering information is referred to as...

Mnemonic

Mnemonic

A technique intended to improve memory for specific information

What is it called when you move from short term to long term memory?

Consolidation

Why is eyewitness memory generally so inaccurate?

Eyewitness memory is often inaccurate due to factors such as stress, lead questions, repeated questions, and the malleability of memory, which can alter perceptions of events.

Episodic

memories involving personal experiences

Semantic

memory involving facts

Proactive interference

Old information hinders recall of new information

Retroactive interference

New information hinders recall of old information

Schema

Organized cluster of memories that constitutes one’s knowledge about events, objects, and ideas

Engram

Karl Lashkey’s term for the physical trace of etching of a memory in the brain

Stereotype threat

The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about a social group.

Is grammar and language a universal truth?

There is no correct way

Availability heuristics

Overestimating the likelihood or importance of events that are more readily available in their memory

Representative heuristics

A rule of thumb for make a judgement that assumes a given sample is representative of the larger population from which it is drawn

What are the four basic components of language?

• Phonemes

• Morphemes

• Syntax

• Semantics

When are people more likely to believe a research paper?

Must be standardized, reliable, and valid

Is subjectivity important in science?

Yes

Logical concept

Concepts with clearly defined roles of membership

Natural concept

Concepts with poorly defined or fuzzy rules for membership

Confirmation bias

Noticing what supports your beliefs more than those contradicting them

Extrinsic motivation

Refers to the desire or external rewards, such as money

Intrinsic motivation

Refers to a desire for internal gratification, such a self-satisfaction upon reaching a goal

Anorexia Nervosa

Involves self-starvation resulting in an unhealthy and potentially dangerously low body weight

Bulimia Nervosa

Characterized by a repetitive pattern of binge-eating followed by purging thigh self induced vomiting or the use of laxatives

Does social media make people less satisfied with their body?

Yes

Does the male or female sex generally have a longer sexual response cycle?

The female

What percentage of people identify as heterosexual in the US?

96.6%

Charles Darwin believed that _________ evolved because they have an adaptive purpose in helping species survive and flourish.

emotions

This concept has five characteristics: knowing your emotions, managing your emotions, motivating yourself, recognizing emotions in others, and helping others in need.

Emotional intelligence

Are polygraphs an accurate way to see if someone's lying?

No