AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS!

In redox reactions, the loss of electrons from one substance is called ________, the addition of electrons is called _________

oxidation, reduction

LEO goes GER

Loses Electrons is Oxidation

Gains Electrons is Reduction

Explain redox in cellular respiration

High-energy electrons are taken away from glucose and given to oxygen (glucose is oxidized)

As electrons are take away from glucose it forms CO2, as they’re given to oxygen it forms water

What are NAD+ and FAD known as?

Oxidizing agents, coenzymes

What are the two major phases of Glycolosis?

Energy investment phase, energy harvesting phase

What is the energy investment phase?

2 ATP are used to split the glucose into two G3P molecules

What is the energy harvesting phase?

Each G3P is oxidied into pyruvate

Explain redox in photosnythesis

Electrons are taken from water (oxidation) and given to carbon dioxide (reduction)

The oxidation of water forms oxygen

The reduction of carbon dioxide forms a carbohydrate

What do the light reactions do in photosnythesis?

Split water, release O2, produce ATP, and form NADPH

What does the Calvin Cycle do in photosnythesis?

forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH

what is the electron carrier molecule used in photosnythesis?

NADP+

Why does PS II split water

The electrons from the water are used to replace the electrons lost by the chlorophyll molecuels

What are the numbers for the PhotoSystems

PII: 680

PI: 700

What are the steps in Light Reactions for Photosnythesis

1. PS II

2. ETC

3. PS I

4. NADP + Reductase

5. ATP Synthase

What is the final electron acceptor in Photosynthesis?

NADP+

What is the starting molecule in the Calvin Cycle and how many carbons?

5-carbon molucule, RuBP

What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle

1. Carbon Fixation

2. Reduction

3. Regeneration

How many Calvin cycles are needed for one G3P?

three

What molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell?

ATP

What is the high-energy bond in ATP called?

Phosphate

What is the term for ATP breakdown?

Hydrolysis

What molecule is formed when ATP loses one phosphate?

ADP

What molecule is formed when ATP loses two phosphates?

AMP

What is the term for energy transfer in cells?

Coupling

What is the term for enzyme shape change?

Induced

What is the term for an enzyme helper?

Cofactor

What is the term for enzyme-substrate complex?

Intermediate

What molecule enters the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

What is the waste product of aerobic respiration?

Water

What is the electron carrier in photosnythesis?

NADPH

What is the enzyme that fixes carbon?

Rubisco

What process uses proton gradient to make ATP?

Chemiosmosis

What is the term for electron flow in photosnythesis?

Z-scheme

What process occurs without oxygen?

Fermentation

What is the process of yeast fermentation?

Ethanol

What is the product of muscle fermentation?

Lactate

What enzyme controls glycolosis?

PFK

What is the term for enzyme regulation by ATP?

Allosteric

What is the term for fat breakdown and protein breakdown?

Lipolysis, Proteolysis

What do enzymes do in terms of energy?

Reduces activation energy

What are the ways in which enzymes can speed up reactions?

Orient substrates, can strain bonds, can create a microenvironment, can form temp bonds

Where is Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation/Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation located?

Cytosol, Mitochondrial Matrix, Mitochondrial Cristae

Does Glycolosis require oxygen?

No

What does each step of Cellular Respiration produce?

Glycolysis: 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATPS

Krebs: 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (X2)

Oxidative Phosphorylation: 34 ATP

What does Pyruvate into, and what starts the Krebs Cycle?

Acetyl CoA (1 for each Pyruvate)

What does Oxidative Phosphorylatoin start with?

NADH, FADH2 (electrons)

Does the ETC make make energy?

No, it makes protons which are used to make energy in chemiosmosis

Where do the stages of Photosynthesis take place?

Light Reactions: Thylakoid Membrane

Calvin Cycle: Stroma (Cytoplasm)

What are the product of Photosnythesis?

Light Reaction: ATP, NADPH

What does Cyclic Electron Flow do?

Only uses PS 1, synthesizes ATP only

What does the Calvin Cycle start with?

Co2, ATP, NADPH

What does CO2 bind to in the Calvin Cycle?

RuBP

What attaches RuBP and Co2?

Rubisco

Calvin Cycle pathway

RuBP (5 carbon)

Co2 (1 carbon)

They break into 2 3 carbon molecules

Energy comes in

Creates G3P, and is recycled

FRQ 1: plants

B) What’s speciial about C4 plants?

C) CAM plants?

D) Why would C3 be the highest?

B) They use PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 in mesophyll cells, forming a 4-carbon compound that is transported to bundle sheath cells. PEP carboxylase does not bind O2.

C) C3 plants lack the other storing CO2 methods CAM & C4 have

FRQ 2

A) why would oxygen consumption increase with an uncoupling protein despite low ATP production?

B) How will NADH and FADH2 levels change?

C) What is an advantage of uncoupling proteins?

A) It dissipates the proton gradient, but the ETC continues running, increasing oxygen consumption

B) They will be lower because the ETC will run faster. they will be OXIDIZED more rapidly to donate electrons, regeneterating NAD+ and FAD.

C) heat

FRQ 3

A) Describe the role of oxygen in cellular respiration

C) What is the relationship between glucose and ATP concentration?

A) Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. As oxygen levels increase, ATP production increases, showing oxygen is required for ETC.

C) Glycolysis alone doesn’t make much ATP

FRQ 4

A) What happens inside the thylakoid space of the chloroplast?

A) Bright light excites electrons in P.S. II, causing water to be split, releasing protons. Electrons move through the ETC, while more protons are pumped, increasing the proton gradient.

FRQ 6

A) Design an experiment to test light color

B) Purple leaf plant and optium and suboptium

A) Grow plants under different light colors, measure biomass. IV: light wavelength, DP: Plant biomass accumulation

B) Purple leaves contain pigments that absorb red and blue light, so those wavelengths are less available to chlorophyll. Wavelengths absorbed less (green/yellow) penetrate better.

FRQ 7

B) What are the stages of metabolism responsible for CO2 release in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

C) Why must fermentation occur without oxygen present and how does it allow gylcolysis to occur?

D) How will intracellular ATP levels impact PFK

B) Anaerobic: fermentation where pyruvate is converted to ethanol

Aerobic: Krebs Cycle/Pyruvate oxidation

C) Fermentation regenerates NAD+ from NADH when O2 is absent. This allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

D) It will INCREASE PFK activity. Because ATP is an inhibitor of PFK, low ATP reduces inhibition, causing positive feedback regulation

FRQ 8

A) How can ATP concentration decrease

B) If an Exergonic reaction occurs, what reaction must occur with it?

A) when ATP is hydrolyzed faster than its regeneration, like during high cellular activity

B) Endergonic, the energy rleeased is used to drive processes like active transport

FRQ 9

B) Explain why a Catabolic reaction releases energy?

C) Why would anabolic pathways be used in protein synthesis?

B) The breakdown of complex molecules forms more stable products with lower free energy. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose.

C) Builds complex protein molecules from individual amino acids. Energy is required to form peptide bonds.

FRQ 10

Too high temp….

Denature enzymes