Behavioral Neuroscience Exam 3

Motor Control, Sex, Unconscious

Hierarchy of Motor Control System

skeletal system, spinal cord, brain stem, primary motor cortex, nonprimary cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Fast twitch

contract rapidly but fatigue easily, anaerobic

Slow twitch

contract more slowly but are more resistant to fatigue, aerobic

Muscle spindles 

stretch of muscles

Golgi tendon organs

tension/contraction

Basal ganglia

forebrain nuclei that modulate movement

parts of the basal ganglia

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

Polio

muscle wasting, degration of motoneurons, vaccine

Myasthenia gravis

double vision, slow speech, weakness of skeletal muscles

Muscular dystrophy

disorders that lead to degeneration and changes in muscle structure

ALS

degeneration of motoneurons and loss of their target muscles, no cure

Flaccid paralysis

reflexes below the injury are lost, severing of spinal cord, stem cells, transplant glial cell

Parkinson’s disease

tremors, loss of muscle tone, degeneration of dopamine containing cells, C-dopa, electrical stimulation

Huntington’s disease

Twitches, depression, degeneration of intellectual ability, basal ganglia damage, no cure

4 stages of reproductive behavior 

Sexual attraction, appetitive behaviors, copulation, postcopulatory behavior

VNO

detects pheromones which activate male arousal, info is sent to the medial amygdala and mPOA

Turner’s syndrome

a person who only has 1 X chromosome, develop as a female

CAH

result of female exposure to androgens before birth, intersex

AIS

XY people whose androgen receptors don’t respond to testosterone

2 classes of possible influence on sexual orientation

society’s instruction, the biological factor

Guevedoces

raised as a girl

SDN-POA

INAH-3 nucleus of the POA

SCN

internal biological clock that controls the circadian rhythm

Retinohypothalamic Pathway

how light travels from eye to SCN, retinal ganglion cells —> SCN

Awake

beta activity 

Stage 1

alpha rhythms/vertex spikes, slow wave sleep

Stage 2

sleep spindles/K complexes, slow wave sleep

Stage 3

delta waves, slow wave sleep

REM

muscle relaxation, rapid-eye-movement

Basal forebrain

slow wave sleep

Tuberomammillary

waking up

Reticular formation

waking up

Locus coeruleus

REM sleep

Narcolepsy

sleep attacks, go straight to REM-skip over SWS, GHB and Provigil are drugs used to control narcolepsy

Hypocretin

interfering with these receptors/signals leads to control for narcolepsy

Somnambulism

sleepwalking, stage 3 SWS

REM behavior

organized behavior from an asleep person, beginning symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, damage to brain motor system

Sleep Apnea

Breathing that slows/stops during sleep

SIDS

sleep apnea resulting from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms, putting babies on their backs to sleep