Physics Test 5 Review: Oscillations, Levers, and Mechanical Advantage

negative work

generally done when one is lowering an object

resonance

a phenomenon which occurs when the vibrational frequency is close to the driving frequency

block & tackle

a series of pulleys working together (It is also the official simple machine of the NFL.)

constant period of a pendulum

exists regardless of the mass

IMA (ideal mechanical advantage)

always greater than AMA (actual mechanical advantage)

quadruple pendulum length

produces double the period of the pendulum

constant speed

exists for an object having uniform circular motion

changing velocity

exists for an object experiencing uniform circular motion

frequency

number of oscillations per unit time

work

product of force and displacement

centrifugal force

the reaction to the action of centripetal force

joule

the SI unit of work and heat

amplitude

maximum displacement of oscillation

equation for centripetal acceleration

Fc=mac

equation for law of levers

Firi = Foro

equation for work when force and motion are not along the same line of action

W = Fcos•

period of a spring

T=2pi-/m/k

Period of a pendulum

T=2pi-/l/g

watt

the SI unit for power

class one lever

output and input on opposite sides of the fulcrum

class one examples

see-saw, pry bar; scissors

second class lever

pivot point (fulcrum) and input on opposite sides of the output

class two lever examples

wheel barrow, hammer with claws, nut-cracker

third class lever

load and pivot point (fulcrum) on opposite sides of the input

class three lever examples

tweezers, fly swatter, baseball bat

infinite

the theoretical energy of resonance

power

time rate of doing work

AMA

ratio of output force to input force

IMA

ratio of input distance to output distance

Wheel & axle

a circular lever

simple pendulum

a freely swinging mass hanging by a thin, massless conductor

oscillatory motion

movement of an object in which the object moves back and forth along the same path and completing every round trip in the same amount of time

efficiency

the ratio of AMA to IMA

One horsepower

550 foot-pounds

simple harmonic motion

oscillation along a straight line caused by a restoring force proportional to its displacement

ideal mechanical motion (IMA)

what the MA would be if there was no energy loss due to friction, sound, etc.

wedge

two inclined planes placed back-to-back

screw

an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder

threads

the ridges on a screw

Fulcrum

pivot point of a lever

Laws of the pendulum

1. The period of a pendulum depends on the square root of its length 2. The period of a pendulum is inversely dependent on the square root of the acceleration due to gravity 3. The period of a pendulum does not depend on its mass 4. The period of a pendulum does not depend on its amplitude.

Banking of roads & racetracks

More force going into the ground instead of the road because of centrifugal force

single pulley

changes direction of effort only

IMA of a Screw

di/do