MI Unit 3.3 and 3.4

Precision Medicine

field of medicine that uses a person's genetic profile, lifestyle, and environmental factors to inform health care decisions.

Benefits of Precision Medicine

Using precision medicine, healthcare professionals can create a personalized treatment plan and prevention to improve the efficacy of treatments

DNA sequencing technology

involves mapping out the human genome for analysis and research

Pharmarcogenetics

science dedicated to investigating how an individual's genetic makeup can impact how the person responds to treatments and to what degree they experience harmful side effects.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

genetic variation where a single DNA base differs between individuals

Haplotype

a set of DNA variation on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together because they are close to each other and thus rarely undergo recombination

proper dose, proper

precision medicine can find the ______________ ______________ of the _____________ drug

genomics and cancer

precision medicine can be used in _____________ and ________________

Nanomedicine

area of biomedical research that seeks to use tools from the field of nanotechnology to improve health

Nanotechnology

the use of single atoms and molecules to construct microscopic devices

Scanning Electron Microscope

a type of microscope that uses a focused beam of electrons to create high resolution images of a sample's surface, revealing its topography and composition.

Liposmes

spherical vesicles that can deliver chemotherapy drugs while reducing side effects.

Polymeric Nanoparticles

biodegradable polymer-based particles that carry drugs in a controlled targeted manner. (insulin delivery for diabetes)

Dendrimers

highly defined artificial macromolecules, combination of a high number of functional groups and a compact molecular structure used for targeted delivery of antivirals or anticancer drugs

Nanoshells

are spherical nanoparticles with a dielectric core and an outer shell (usually gold) that can be used in diagnostic imaging , biomedicine, drug delivery, and cancer therapy.

Nanotubes

Cylindrical carbon structures that can penetrate cells.

used to deliver genes or drugs directly into cells.

Quantum Dot

semiconductor particles the fluoresce under light used for high-contrast imaging of tumors or pathogens

Magnetic Nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic particles used as contrast agents for enhanced MRI imaging

Nanosensors

Tiny sensors detecting biomarkers used for early detection of disease

Nanobombs

nanoparticles that explode under stimuli, used to destroy cancer cells locally

Theranostic Nanoparticles

used for real-time monitoring and treatment of tumors.

RNA Nanotechnology

Nanoparticles carrying RNA to silence disease-causing genes and treating genetic disorders and cancers

Nanoscaffolds

3D nanostructures mimicking extracellular matrix used for tissue engineering

Nanoparticle-Enhanced Stem Cell Therapy

used for NPs used to guide stem cell growth, used for repairing damaged heart tissue or neurons

Silver Nanoparticles

Antimicrobial silver-based nanoparticles that coat medical devices to prevent infections

Nanoantibiotics

Encapsulated in nanoparticles overcoming antibiotic resistance

Viral Vectors

Viruses engineered to deliver therapeutic genes or drugs, with applications in gene therapy and cancer treatmen

Nanocrystals

crystalline nanoparticles with enhanced bioavailability and drug delivery capabilities

Benefits of Nanotechnology: targeted

Precision and _____________ therapy directly to diseased cells

Benefits of Nanotechnology: solubility, stability

Improved _______________ and _________________ of poorly water-soluble drugs

Benefits of Nanotechnology: biomarkers, diagnosis

Detect __________________ at ulta-low concentrations, enabling early __________________

Benefits of Nanotechnology: blood-brain, disorders

Can cross the ________________-___________ barrier to treat __________________

Benefits of Nanotechnology: toxicity, cancer therapy

Targeted delivery can reduce system _____________ (as opposed to _____________________ __________________)

Benefits of Nanotechnology: regeneration

Promote tissue ___________________

Risks of Nanotechnology: inflammation, damage

Some nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes and metal oxides may cause _________________ or _____________________

Benefits of Nanotechnology: accumulation, unknown

Long-term effects of nanoparticle __________________ in the body are ______________

Challenges in developing and testing nanomedicine: complex, reproducibility

The manufacturing of nanoparticles is very __________, which causes issues with _______________________

Challenges in developing and testing nanomedicine: expensive

Mass-producing nanomedicines is _____________________

Challenges in developing and testing nanomedicine: long-term

Few clinical trials track nanoparticle effects beyond a few years which means we don't know what happens in the __________-____________

Repirocytes

A hypothetical nanomedicine capable of behaving like a red blood cell in humans. Could be used to augment, or replace human blood cells entirely

Nanotech in Cancer: Nanoarrays

Allows multiple lab tests to be done at a much lower cost

Nanotech in Cancer: Nanoshells

linked to antibodies that recognize tumor cells. Once they are taken up by the cancer cells, near-infrared light is shed on the area, killing only the cancer cells and nothing else.

Nanotech in Cancer: Dendrimers

used to seek out and destroy cancer cells, can be used for improved imagery, targeted drug delivery, and near-real time confirmation of cancer cell death.

Nanodevices include

liposomes, polymeric carrier, extracellular vesicles, nucleic acid, silica, metal/metal oxide, quantum dots, nanopore

Clinical Trials

a scientifically controlled study of the safety and effectiveness of a therapeutic agent (as a drug or vaccine) using consenting human subjects

Placebo

An inert or innocuous used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (as a drug)

Phase I Trial

tests efficacy of the drug, determines safe dosage range, identify side effects, and test a small group of people (< 100)

Phase II Trial

learn more about safety and side effects, narrow down safe dosage range, determine effectiveness, and test a larger group of people (up to 200)

Phase III Trial

determine effectiveness and side effects and test a large group of people (1000-3000 participants)

Phase IV Trials

AFTER the drug has entered the market, collect additional information about the drug's risks, benefits and optimal use

Types of Clinical Trials: Controlled

one group receives the treatment while the other does not.

Types of Clinical Trials: Randomized

control group and treatment group are chosen at random

Types of Clinical Trials: Double-Blind

Neither subjects nor the scientists know who is assigned to which group until the data is collected

Types of Clinical Trials: Single-Blind

only the researcher doing the study knows which treatment or intervention the participant is receiving until the trial is over

Treatment Group vs Control Group

the treatment group is given the experimental drug while the control group is given a placebo

Immunotherapy

a treatment that uses a person's own immune system to fight cancer. It can do this by boosting or changing how the immune system works so it can find and attack cancer cells.

How Immunotherapy is used to treat cancer

stimulating or boosting the immune system, or supplementing the immune system with other man-made components that restore or improve the immune system.

Types of Cancer Immunotherapy: Checkpoint inhibitors

take the brakes off the immune system which helps them recognize and attack cancer cells.

Types of Cancer Immunotherapy: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy

takes some T-cells from patient's blood and mixes them with a special virus that makes them learn how to attach to tumor cells, gives them back to the patient so they can find, and kill cancer cells

Types of Cancer Immunotherapy: Cytokines

uses cytokines (small proteins that carry messages between cells) to stimulate the immune cells to attack cancer

Types of Cancer Immunotherapy: Immunomodulators

drugs that boost parts of the immune system to treat certain types of cancer.

Types of Cancer Immunotherapy: Cancer vaccines

some vaccines can help prevent or treat cancer.

What types of cancer can HPV cause?

Cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancer.

Is there a vaccine for HPV?

Yes, there is a vaccine for HPV.

What type of cancer can Hepatitis B Virus cause?

Hepatocellular cancer (liver cancer).

Are vaccines available for Hepatitis B Virus?

Yes, vaccines are available.

Types of Cancer Immunotherapy: Monoclonal antibodies

man-made versions of immune system proteins that can be useful in treating cancer because they can be designed to attack a very specific part of a cancer cell.

Types of Cancer Immunotherapy: Oncolytic viruses

uses viruses that have been modified in a lab to infect and kill certain tumor cells.

toxic

Self replicated but non __________

report back

must be able to identify problem areas and _______________ _________

drug, repair

Deliver a ___________ or something to _____________ what went wrong

Brainwave biofeedback

monitor brain waves that can indicate mental states like sleep, wakefulness, and relaxation. Learning to control these can improve your health

Heart rate biofeedback

measures your heart rate and how your heart rate changes, learning about these changes and how to influence them can help patients control them using the conscious mind.

Muscle tension biofeedback

Patients can use this machine to control muscle tension.

Breathing biofeedback

Sensors check breathing rate and patterns, patients can control their breathing to feel better.

Temperature biofeedback

During stress, temperature decreases because the body directs blood to the major organs. Seeing the drop in temperature as an indicator of stress and using relaxation techniques to increase body temperature.

Sweat glands biofeedback

perspiration occurs as a result of nervousness and anxiety learning to control perspiration by practicing relaxation techniques, the individual can start to control them.

Haplotypes

Combinations of SNPs, when they are usually grouped together and rarely undergo recombination, are called

Open Trial Clinical Trial

Both the researchers and the subjects know what treatment is being given

Factorial Trials

Used to test medicines in combination

Crossover Trials

used to test two treatments, where each participant gets both treatments being tested. One gets A first, but the other team got B first

Orphan Drug Trials

used to test drugs designed to treat rare diseases. A small number of people who are very sick.

Myoelectic prosthesis

an electric limb that uses electric signals coming from other muscles of said patient. Using myoelectric prostheses, people can control their wrist, limbs, and elbows to a degree of precision naturalness.

Metastasis

when the cancer breaks up from its origin point, travels through the bloodstream and spreads to other parts of the body like the lymph nodes.

Osteosarcoma

bone cancer

Personal medicine

is a unique treatment specialized for each person.

Insitutional Review Board

An committe that monitors and reviews your research as long as it involves human subjects. They have the power to approve, request modifications to, and disapprove research.

Nanowires

small wires at the nanoscale. At this scale, quantum forces can be very significant and they can be used in the field of electronics. Also referred to as quantum wires.

Cantilever

more specifically nanocantilevers- are horizontal nanostructures supported at only one end and projecting or overhanging at the other. Used to detect the presence of substances like contaminants, pathogens, or specific molecules.