tophat + quiz questions exam 2

Dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens contain nicotinic receptors on their axon terminals. These receptors are permeable to Ca^2+. What effect will smoking cigarettes have on these dopaminergic synapses?

Decreased stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors

Decreased release of dopamine

Prolong presynaptic action potential

Increased release of dopamine

Increased influx of Ca^2 into dopaminergic axon terminal.

Increased release of dopamine

Which of the following is False regarding diffuse modulatory systems?

IN diffuse modulatory systems, several large nuclei in the brain produce neurotransmitters and distribute it just to surrounding regions

The diffuse modulatory system for acetylcholine is involved with learning, memory, and attention

The main targets of the dopamine system include the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

The cell bodies of the serotonin diffuse modulatory system live in the raphe nuclei

Both A and C are false

Both A and C are false

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's auto receptors without activating them are usually

Agonists

Antagonists

Agonists

Which of the following is not a way that a drug can act as an agonist of a neurotransmitter?

Decrease the amount of transmitter precursor

Block deactivation of transmitter

Modify function of autoreceptors

Block reuptake

All of the above are ways that a drug can act as an agonist

Decrease the amount of transmitter precursor

The process by which drug molecules are destructed by the digestive system is called _____________________ and occurs when drugs are taken ______.

Metabolism; Intravenously

First pass metabolism; intranasally

First pass metabolism; orally

Excretion; orally

Execration; by any route of administration

First pass metabolism; orally

What is the relationship between drug tolerance and withdrawal?

Tolerance decreases the likelihood of withdrawal symptoms.

Tolerance and withdrawal are unrelated processes.

Tolerance can lead to heightening withdrawal symptoms

Withdrawal only occurs in individuals who are not tolerant to the drug.

Tolerance can lead to heightening withdrawal symptoms

Which of the following statements accurately describes animal experiments on reward in self-brain stimulation?

Animals do not exhibit any preference for self-stimulation over natural rewards/

Self-brain stimulation in animals consistently results in aversive responses.

Animals demonstrate a strong preference for self-stimulation, often over natural rewards.

self- brain stimulation experiments primarily focus on sensory perception enhancement.

Animals demonstrate a strong preference for self-stimulation, often over natural rewards.

Which of the following explains why there is still an increase in DA (dopamine) release in the NAc of DAT (dopamine transporter) knockout mice (mice without a functioning DA transporter) after cocaine administration?

Cocaine binds to the DAT and inhibits DA reuptake

At higher concentrations, cocaine blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels

Cocaine inhibits NE uptake in the PFC, causing stimulation of glutamatergic neurons that project to the VTA, and thus DA release in the NAc

Cocaine inhibits 5-HT uptake in the PFC, causing stimulation of GABAergic neurons that project to the VTA, and thus DS release in the NAc

All of the above

Cocaine inhibits NE uptake in the PFC, causing stimulation of glutamatergic neurons that project to the VTA, and thus DA release in the NAc

The primary mechanism of action of nicotine is to stimulate ____ receptors.

NMDA

GABA

nACh

DA

nACh

Presence of the ____ subunit in acetylcholine receptors increases the aversive consequences of nicotine consumption.

a5

B1

a1

B3

a5

Current evidence suggests that caffeine exerts its stimulant effects at the synapse by

Stimulation of cAMP phosphodiesterase

Increasing cAMP levels

Blocking adenosine receptors

Exciting GABA receptors

Blocking adenosine receptors

Tolerance decreases the likelihood of withdrawal symptoms.

True

False

False

Most drugs of abuse increase serotonin release in the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

True

False

False

Food and cocaine increase dopamine levels to the same extent.

True

False

False

Which of the following neural circuits is not thought to be involved with drug abuse and addiction?

The inhibitory control circuit

The reward/salience circuit

The motivation/drive circuit

The memory/learning circuit

All of the above ARE thought to be involved with addiction.

All of the above ARE thought to be involved with addiction.

Which neurotransmitter receptor has repeatedly been shown to be lower in the brains of addicted individuals?

Dopamine D2 receptors

Serotonin receptors

GABA receptors

Glutamate receptors

All of the above

Dopamine D2 receptors

Having a family history of addiction is sufficient to produce addiction if someone uses a drug that increase NAc dopamine levels.

True

False

False

Withdrawal symptoms are usually ___________ the drug effects.

opposite to

the same as

opposite to

Which of the following statements regarding tolerance is false?

Pharmacodynamic tolerance refers to changes in nerve cell function compensate for continued presence of the drug

Metabolic tolerance refers to a decrease in the number of enzymes used to break down a drug

Tolerance is never reversable

Tolerance is dependent on dose and frequency of use

Both B and C are false

Both B and C are false

Which of the following statements regarding drug dependence and addiction is false?

Physical dependence on its own is sufficient in explaining addiction.

Physical dependence is characterized by overt withdrawal symptoms.

Cravings involve associative learning mechanisms.

All of the above are true.

Both A and B are fasle.

Physical dependence on its own is sufficient in explaining addiction.

If two people take the same dose of cocaine but one takes it orally and one injects it, they will likely have _________ neurochemical and behavioral responses because ____________________________________.

different; both dose and route of administration affect response

different; response depends more on body chemistry than any other factor

the same; only dose affects response

the same; oral and injected routes of administration produce the same effects

different; both dose and route of administration affect response

DAT (Dopamine Transporter) knockout mice (mice that do not have functioning DATs) do not self-administer cocaine, which suggests that

dopamine is not important for cocaine's reinforcing effects

blockade of the DAT (DA transporter) plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine.

the mutant dopamine transporter increase dopamine reuptake

these mutant mice experience increased cocaine reward

all of the above

blockade of the DAT (DA transporter) plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine.

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding cocaine's mechanism of action

Cocaine blocks DA reuptake

Cocaine blocks NE reuptake

Cocaine binds NAchRs and increases acetylcholine release

Cocaine increases the frequency of DA release in the nucleus accumbens

Cocaine binds NAchRs and increases acetylcholine release

Amphetamines are ________ catecholamine _______ thereby ___________ DA and NE release.

direct; antagonist; inhibiting

indirect; antagonist; inhibiting

direct; agonist; stimulating

indirect; agonist; stimulating

indirect; agonist; inhibiting

indirect; agonist; stimulating

Compared to non-using controls, chronic psychostimulant users show:

decreased DA synthesis

decreased DA release

less DAT binding

less DA receptor binding

all of the above

all of the above

Which neurotransmitter system is associated with diffuse modulatory signaling and plays a crucial role in regulating mood, pain, and sleep?

Dopamine system

Glutamate system

GABA system

Serotonin system

Both B and C

Serotonin system

Which of the following is True regarding small molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides?

Small molecule NTs include the endogenous opiods

Glutamate is the major inhibitory NT in the brain

Acetylcholine is inhibitory at neuromuscular junctions

Neuropeptides can be co-localized with small molecule neurotransmitters

All of the above are true

neuropeptides can be co-localized with small molecule neurotransmitters

Dopamine

Substantia nigra, venventral tegmental area

Norepinephrine

locus ceruleus

Serotonin

raphe nuclei

Acetylcholine

basal forebrain

A drug that reduces the amount of NT synthesizing enzymes would be an

agonist

antagonist

antagonist

Which of the following neurotransmitters belong to the catecholamine group?

acetylcholine

dopamine

GABA

glutamate

Both C and D

dopamine

Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be _______ of that neurotransmitter.

agonist

antagonist

agonist

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are

agonists

antagonists

antagonists

Prozac is an antidepressant drug that blocks reuptake of serotonin thereby

increasing the amount of serotonin in the synapse

decreasing the amount of serotonin in the synapse

decreasing the amount of serotonin released from vesicles

reducing the amount of serotonin precursors

Both C and D

increasing the amount of serotonin in the synapse

Drugs administered _____________ become bioavailable the most rapidly.

subcutaneously (SC)

intramuscularly (IM)

orally (PO)

intravenously (IV)

intravenously (IV)

Factors that influence drug absorption include

stomach content

solubility of a drug

area of absorbing surface

all of the above

A and B only

all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences drug bioavailability?

route of administration

absorption

distribution

the amount of liver enzymes

the therapeutic effects of a drug

the therapeutic effects of a drug

Which of the following route of administration typically requites the highest drug dose to achieve a desired psychoactive effect, due to lower bioavailability?

intravenous (IV)

intranasal (snorting)

oral

inhalation (smoking)

route of administration does not affect bioavailability

oral

_____ is the most important route for drug elimination

breast milk

urine

feces

sweat

All of the above are equally important

urine

Which of the following examples best illustrates a side effect?

Relief of pain after taking an analgesic medication.

Nausea and dizziness experienced after starting a new medication.

Reduction of blood pressure following the administration of an antihypertensive drug.

Allergic reaction, such as hives or swelling, triggered by a medication.

Improved mood and decreased anxiety as a result of taking an antidepressant medication.

Nausea and dizziness experienced after starting a new medication.

In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, _____ from synapses in the _____ appears to be involved in the development and persistence of addiction

Serotonin; prefrontal cortex

Serotonin; nucleus accumbens

Glutamate; prefrontal cortex

Glutamate; nucleus accumbens

Glutamate; nucleus accumbens