PHON Topic 7

Respiratory

pertaining to respiration

Laryngeal

pertaining to the larynx

Phonation

the production of sound by the regulated movement of air through the vocal cords of the larynx.

Subpharyngeal

below the pharynx

- Resonation
- Articulation

1.Respiration
2.Phonation
3.Resonance
4.Articulation
5.Innervation

What are the 5 major anatomical processes:

pulmonic

All phonemes in English are....

an exchange of air in the
alveoli, the tiny sacs lining the inside of
the lungs

Breathing is...

expiration

Exhalation =

inspiration

Inhalation =

diaphram and intercostals

Respiratory Muscles:

Diaphram

dome-like sheet of
muscle between the abdomen
and the chest cavity and the
primary muscle for inspiration.
Contraction causes the diaphragm
to flatten, increasing the size of
the thoracic cavity

intercostals

muscles
between the ribs. Contraction
moves the ribs up and out

- When the diaphragm
flattens and the ribs
move outward, the
thoracic cavity expands

- The lungs are attached
both to the diaphragm
and to the inner surface
of the ribs, so when the
thoracic cavity expands,
the lungs also expand

Explain how respiration works?

n Rest breathing: inhalation and exhalation are
about equal

n Speech breathing: a much larger inhalation
occurs. This inhalation is rapid and the
exhalation is gradual

Rest Breathing Vs. Speech Breathing:

Larynx

In phonation, air travels from the lungs to the...

glottis

Opening between vocal cords

Trachea (windpipe)

Larynx consists of muscle and cartilage and sits on top of the...

Inside the larynx are the paired vocal folds.
These vocal folds vibrate to produce voice, also called phonation

What is Phonation?

To protect the airway

WHY DO WE HAVE A LARYNX?

- is composed of cartilage and muscle

- The larynx sits on top of the trachea and "hangs" from the hyoid bone

What is the larynx made of and where is it uniquely placed?

Vocal Folds

are housed within the larynx and are composed of muscle, covered in layers of mucous membranes

- vibrate to produce voice

Adduction

vocal folds brought
together; closed

abduction

vocal folds pulled apart;
open

Men: 85-155 Hz (cycles per second)
Women: 165-255Hz
Children: 250-300 Hz

Tell me some vocal fold stats...

myoelastic-aerodynamic

Phonation occurs through a set of
____________________ _______________ principles

the elasticity of
muscle tissue (myo- means muscle)

myoelastic refers to

how a structure
reacts to changes in airflow.

aerodynamic refers to

Bernoulli Principle

The
aerodynamic principle critical to
phonation is the

as the
velocity of flow increases, pressure
decreases.
Examples:
n Airplane lift
n Water hose
n Shower curtain
n Driving next to a huge truck
n Vocal fold vibration!

The Bernoulli Principle states that

All vowels are voiced
About 60% of consonants (in American English) are voiced. The other 40% are voiceless

Tell me some vocing facts of AE...

resonance

refers to the tendency of a system to vibrate with increasing amplitude at some
frequencies
e.g. blowing across a bottle
e.g. running finger across wine glass

1. The pharynx (or pharyngeal cavity)
2. oral cavity,
3. nasal cavity

What are the 3 Sections of the vocal tract

These three air-filled cavities function as
constantly changing resonators

when we round our lips, the oral "tube" is
lengthened

we can couple and uncouple the nasal cavity
from the oral cavity, adding characteristic
qualities

How does the vocal tract work?

Adult Males: 17 cm
Adult Females: 15 cm

Length of vocal tract facts

- Laryngopharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
Nasal cavity (nose)
Oral cavity (mouth)
- Nasal and oral cavities are divided by the palate
Hard palate
Soft palate or velum

List all parts of the vocal tract...

pharynx

a muscular tube lying directly
above the larynx; it's size and shape (and
therefore its resonating characteristics) can be
modified

laryngopharynx

the section superior to
(above) the larynx

Oropharynx

the section posterior to (behind)
the oral cavity

nasopharynx

the section posterior to
(behind) the nasal cavity

palate

The oral and nasal cavities are separated by the...

both the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose

The palate consists of:
nThe hard palate
nThe soft palate or velum

The palate is, and consists of...

Hard palate

a bony structure and
comprises about 2/3 of the length of the
palate

Soft Palate

The soft palate is muscular and
comprises the remaining 1/3 of the
length of the palate

Uvula

The soft palate ends in a pendulous structure called the...

bifid uvula

split uvula

Direction of the travel of the sound energy
depends on...

depends on the velum, or soft palate.

trapdoor

The velum operates like a _________________, When the velum is raised, it presses against the back and sides of the
pharynx

Oral

All vowels and most consonants In AE are

n Direction of the travel of the sound energy
depends on the velum, or soft palate.

n The velum operates like a trapdoor, When the velum is raised, it presses against the back and sides of the
pharynx
This closes off the nasal cavity from the oral cavity and
all sound energy will exit from the oral cavity

nif the velum is down, the passage between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity is open and the sound will be directed out of the nose (creating Nasal sounds

Explain how the velum works...

give examples of as many as you can

What are primary versus secondary (or overlaid)functions? list examples

Our lungs expand because they are attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. As the ribs and diaphragm expand, the thoracic cavity expands and the lungs expand. Air flows in because the pressure inside the expanded lungs
is lower than atmospheric pressure

Physiologically, how do our lungs expand?

Resonance refers to the tendency of a system to vibrate with increasing
amplitude at some frequencies

Blowing across the top of a bottle to produce a tone

Vibrating air from the vocal folds being selectively strengthened or weakened
depending on the characteristics of the
vocal tract

What is resonance?

Articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

Lips
Tongue
Velum (soft palate)
Vocal folds

Name our active articulators...

- Teeth
- Alveolar ridge
Hard palate

Name our passive articulators...

active articulators

parts within the vocal tract that actually move to achieve the articulatory result

passive articulators

are relatively fixed

- • Cerebrum
- • Cerebellum
- • Brainstem
- Spinal cord

What is included in the central nervous system...

Cranial nerves
Spinal Nerves

What is included in the Peripheral nervous system...

the sounds /f/ and /v/ and the "th" sounds, /θ/ /ð/
- dental

We use our teeth to articulate what sounds? and they are called what?

*Place*: this is where in the vocal tract the
sound is produced
*Manner*: this is how the vocal tract is
configured to modify the breath stream
*Voicing*: this is whether the vocal folds are
vibrating during production of the sound.

the 3 consonant production characteristics:

are called alveolar (combining form)
/t d n ɹ* s z l/

We use our alveolar ridge to articulate what sounds? and they are called what?

Post-Alveolar OR Pre-Palatal

sounds in AE are produced at the point where the roof of the mouth begins to rise just posterior to the alveolar ridge.

/ʃ ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/
called post-alveolar or pre-palatal

Sounds produced at the post-alveolar ridge or the pre-palate are _________________ and called what?

/j ɹ*/
called palatal

We use our palate to articulate what sounds? and they are called what?

Labial

Sounds from the lips are called what?

Lingual

Sounds from the tongue are called what?

- Most flexible articulator

- Tongue has different parts in articulation: tip, blade, front, center, and back of the tongue
- these are functionally separate parts of the tongue
- These different parts have different combining forms or terms

Tell me about the tounge...

Velar

Sounds from the velum are called what?

Glottal

Sounds from the vocal folds are called what?

Bilabials

/p b m/ Produced by bring the two lips
together

labiodental

/f v/ Produced by bringing the lower lip to
the upper teeth

tip-
alveolar

/t d l n/ Produced with the tip of the
tongue brought to the alveolar ridge

mandible

lower jaw

is not an articulator per se, but serves as a support structure for the movement of both the tongue and lips

What does the mandible do?

resonance

Cheeks, nose, sinuses contribute to...

/ʁ/ is a uvular
trill

In other languages, the uvula makes what sounds...

within bone

the
Central Nervous System
• Brain
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
are all...

Outside of bone

The Peripheral Nervous System
• Cranial nerves
• Spinal Nerves
are all...

Three pounds
100 billion neurons (cell bodies)
• Each neuron has thousands of connections to other neurons
• Trillions of connections within brain

Tell me about the brain...

two hemispheres:

Left cerebral hemisphere
• Dominant hemisphere for speech and language

Right cerebral hemisphere
• Attention, orientation, emotions

Two hemispheres are connected by the
corpus callosum

Tell me about the Cerebrum...

corpus callosum

a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital

List the four brain lobes...

Temporal lobes

auditory processing of language and
sounds
- • Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe processes
language

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

Frontal lobes

includes Broca's area plans, sequences, and
initiates movements for speech

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Parietal Lobes

Processes sensory information
from the body. Touch, temperature, pressure,
pain

Occipital Lobes

vison

Motor Cortex and Sensory Cortex

Covering all of the brain (seen as ridges and valley's)

Central Sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Precentral Gyrus/Motor Cortex

responsible for sending motor output signals, located anteriorly to the central sulcus

Postcentral Gyrus/Sensory Cortex

is responsible for appreciation of sensations.

Homunculus

a maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Brainstem

Most, but not all, motor and
sensory nerves cross in the brainstem; this
is why the left side of the brain is responsible for the right side of the body.
Contralateral innervation

Contralateral innervation

one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

- thick cord of nerve fibers

- Functions primarily to transmit neural impulses between body and brain, but is also responsible for numerous reflexes

- The spinal cord varies in thickness along in
length, from about .25 and .50 inches in diameter

- Men: 18 inches
- Women: 17 inches

Tell me about the spinal cord...

Cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that exit from the brainstem and carry messages to and from the brain

Spinal nerves

- exit from the spinal cord
- Sensory nerves throughout the body