Module 1 BIOL 198 Terms-

hypothesis

educated guess about the cause of of an observed phenomenon

a scientific hypothesis must be...

testable and falsifiable

experiment

changes are made to the experimental subjects or their surroundings and additional observations are observed

control

exact same as experimental group, except 1 variable is changed

variable

some one condition of the experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter

scientific theory

set of statements that explain some aspect of the natural world and supported by substantial amount of data from diverse lines of investigation

characteristics of life(some)

use of energy, organization, maintain homeostasis, reproduce and grow, responsiveness, ability to evolve

hierarchy of life(high to small)

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom.

biosphere

all life on earth

ecosystem

all organisms and their physical components in a place

community

all organisms of a specific place

population

one species/group

organism

single living thing

observational scientific investigation

taking measurements/data, no changes

experimental sci. investigation

an experiment WITH a change

biology

scientific study of life

scientific

a way of asking and answering questions based on inquiry and data gathering

experimental group

group with changes

control group

group with no changes

hierarchy of life definition

organizational concept map showing various levels of life

scientific method

processes that generate scientific knowledge

evolution

descent with modification: change in genetic makeup of a population over time

natural selection

the differences in survival and reproduction of individuals based on variation in characteristics

what are the three conditions for natural selection to take place:

heritable variation exists in a population, the number of offspring that can be produced is greater than the number that is produced, heritable variation can result in differences in survival or reproductive success

abiotic

not living

biotic

living

relative fitness

measure of how well individuals survive and reproduce in a particular environment at that time

if an organism is the most fit, what does that mean

it has the most offspring

Is there a perfect organism that is created with natural selection

No, there are always slight adaptations

cumulative evolution

successful traits are retained from one generation to the next

single step evolution

adaptations and traits are not retained from one generation to the next

homology

organisms that share a common ancestor

homologous structures

occupy similar positions and arise from common ancestral structure, but have different functions

example of homologous structure

a bird wing, human human hand, and whales fin all have similar bone structure, even from development as an embryo, but it has different functions

analogous structure

has shared functions, but not the same structure from a common ancestor

example of analogous function

wings of birds and butterflies, different fins of dolphins and sharks

heritable

traits that are found in an individual that are passed on(at least partially) to its offspring

taxonomy

naming of organism and classification into groups

phylogeny

hypothesized evolutionary relationships between species

hierarchy of classification(high to low)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What are the three domains

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea

Most Recent Common Ancestor

Most Recent Common Ancestor

Deprived Characteristics

a trait that does not appear in the most recent ancestor, but that has resulted from evolutionary change in ancestral group members

ancestral characteristics

a trait that is found in all members of the group up to the most recent common ancestor

cladistics

method for determining evolutionary relationships

cladogram

uses Y strcture

Phylogenic tree

uses boxy lines

ecomorph

a group of organisms, sometimes different species, whose appearances are similar because of similar environmental pressures in their habitat

morphology

physical structure of an organism

T/F all classification schemes are scientific theories and can't be changed

False, all classification schemes are hypothesis and are changed as new info comes out

what is the smallest unit of classification

species

clade definition

group of organisms that share a common ancestor... all its descendants must be descendants of common ancestor

Hierarchy of classification(8)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Hierarchy of life

Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Species, Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Atom

scientific method

observation, formulation of question, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion

what is a theory

statement(s) that explain some aspect of the natural world, are supported by substantial amounts of data, and have been proven through diverse experimentation

evolution is at the level of -

populations

what drives evolution

natural selection

natural selection operates at the level of-

individual

for two closely related species, the most RCA is-

a population of individuals that are not the same as their descendants

Bacteria

have no nucleas

Archaea

have no nucleas, and a different cell wall than bacteria

Eukarya

have a nucleas and cell bound organelles

The name of an organism is

genus,,,species.