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hypothesis
educated guess about the cause of of an observed phenomenon
a scientific hypothesis must be...
testable and falsifiable
experiment
changes are made to the experimental subjects or their surroundings and additional observations are observed
control
exact same as experimental group, except 1 variable is changed
variable
some one condition of the experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
scientific theory
set of statements that explain some aspect of the natural world and supported by substantial amount of data from diverse lines of investigation
characteristics of life(some)
use of energy, organization, maintain homeostasis, reproduce and grow, responsiveness, ability to evolve
hierarchy of life(high to small)
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom.
biosphere
all life on earth
ecosystem
all organisms and their physical components in a place
community
all organisms of a specific place
population
one species/group
organism
single living thing
observational scientific investigation
taking measurements/data, no changes
experimental sci. investigation
an experiment WITH a change
biology
scientific study of life
scientific
a way of asking and answering questions based on inquiry and data gathering
experimental group
group with changes
control group
group with no changes
hierarchy of life definition
organizational concept map showing various levels of life
scientific method
processes that generate scientific knowledge
evolution
descent with modification: change in genetic makeup of a population over time
natural selection
the differences in survival and reproduction of individuals based on variation in characteristics
what are the three conditions for natural selection to take place:
heritable variation exists in a population, the number of offspring that can be produced is greater than the number that is produced, heritable variation can result in differences in survival or reproductive success
abiotic
not living
biotic
living
relative fitness
measure of how well individuals survive and reproduce in a particular environment at that time
if an organism is the most fit, what does that mean
it has the most offspring
Is there a perfect organism that is created with natural selection
No, there are always slight adaptations
cumulative evolution
successful traits are retained from one generation to the next
single step evolution
adaptations and traits are not retained from one generation to the next
homology
organisms that share a common ancestor
homologous structures
occupy similar positions and arise from common ancestral structure, but have different functions
example of homologous structure
a bird wing, human human hand, and whales fin all have similar bone structure, even from development as an embryo, but it has different functions
analogous structure
has shared functions, but not the same structure from a common ancestor
example of analogous function
wings of birds and butterflies, different fins of dolphins and sharks
heritable
traits that are found in an individual that are passed on(at least partially) to its offspring
taxonomy
naming of organism and classification into groups
phylogeny
hypothesized evolutionary relationships between species
hierarchy of classification(high to low)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What are the three domains
Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea
Most Recent Common Ancestor
Most Recent Common Ancestor
Deprived Characteristics
a trait that does not appear in the most recent ancestor, but that has resulted from evolutionary change in ancestral group members
ancestral characteristics
a trait that is found in all members of the group up to the most recent common ancestor
cladistics
method for determining evolutionary relationships
cladogram
uses Y strcture
Phylogenic tree
uses boxy lines
ecomorph
a group of organisms, sometimes different species, whose appearances are similar because of similar environmental pressures in their habitat
morphology
physical structure of an organism
T/F all classification schemes are scientific theories and can't be changed
False, all classification schemes are hypothesis and are changed as new info comes out
what is the smallest unit of classification
species
clade definition
group of organisms that share a common ancestor... all its descendants must be descendants of common ancestor
Hierarchy of classification(8)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Hierarchy of life
Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Species, Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Atom
scientific method
observation, formulation of question, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion
what is a theory
statement(s) that explain some aspect of the natural world, are supported by substantial amounts of data, and have been proven through diverse experimentation
evolution is at the level of -
populations
what drives evolution
natural selection
natural selection operates at the level of-
individual
for two closely related species, the most RCA is-
a population of individuals that are not the same as their descendants
Bacteria
have no nucleas
Archaea
have no nucleas, and a different cell wall than bacteria
Eukarya
have a nucleas and cell bound organelles
The name of an organism is
genus,,,species.