Science exam

What is the difference between physical and chemical change (DOE)

Physical change is a change that doesn’t affect the chemical propertieis and chemical does it affects the chemical composition of the substance

What are the five signs of chemical change (DOE)

* colour
* odour
* gas producion
* precipitate
* temperature

What is the relationship between atomic mass and the number of protons and neutrons

protons + neutrons = atomics mass

What is a cation and a anion

Cation is a positively charged ion while an anion is a negatively charged one

How do elements form a negative or positive charge?

If the element loses an electron then it’s postively charged if it gains than it’s negatively charged

What is an ionic bond (DOE) What is a molecular bond

Metal and non metal

non-metal and non-metal

What are polyatomic ions

They are ions composed of more than one atom (whole atom has a charge)

How many atoms are in this prefix: tetra

4

Formula for Diphosphorus pentoxide (shit like this DOE)

P2O5

Write chemical name of BO3 (DOE)

boron oxide

Law of conservation of mass (DOE)

The law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed and that the mass of the reactants = mass of products

Balance the equation (DOE)

C + H2 = C3H8

3C + 4H2 = 1C3H8

Synthesis (all reactions DOE)

2 or more reactants come together and create one product (A+B= AB)

Decomp

A compound breaks down into 2 or more substances (AB = A+B)

Single deplacement

One element displaces another in a compound (AB + X = AX + B)

double displacement

Both switch partners (AB + XY = AX + BY)

complete combustion

Rapid reaction of hydrocarbon and oxygen gas (A + O2 = H2O + CO2)

Neutralization

When products have a neutral pH (acid + base = salt + water)

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What is an acid

What is a base (DOE)

An aqueous solution that conducts electricity, sour, turn blue litmus red, and neutralizes base.

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An aqueous solution that conducts electricity and turns red litmus blue, they feel slippery and taste biter

What is a pure substance

a substance where all the particles that make it up are the same

which of the following would be the best conductor of electricity

* pure water
* sea water
* tapa water

sea water because it has sodium making it ionic bond which re elctroylytes

Name this compound F2O3

difluorine trioxide

What might balance bleach

an acidic compound (lemon juice)

An element that exists as two atom molecules are…

diatomic

What are the 7 diatomic molecules in nature

H O F Br I N Cl

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Fluorin

Bromine

Iodine

Nitrogen

Chlorine

What group is most stable on the periodic table

What group is most reactive

**DOE**

noble gases (argon/krypton/etc)

Halogens such as fluroine/bromine/etc

What is an element

Pure substance which can’t be broken down further

What is a period and what is a group on the periodic table

A period refers to the row while a group refers to the columns

Properties of ionic compounds (DOE)

* hard
* high melting point
* electrolytes
* brittle

Properties of molecular compounds (DOE)

* low meltingpoint
* soft
* odour

Examples of polyatomic ions in everyday life

* Food additives
* Cleaners
* Fertilizers

What happens in a covalent bond

The outer electrons are being shared

What are reactants and products

Reactants are used up and products are produced ina chemical reaction

What is a skeleton equation

A reaction where products and reactants aren’t balanced

NOTE

Metals rarely appear naturally as pure elements they usually bond with others to form rock deposits called ores

What is incomplete combustion

a combustion reaction of hydrocarbons that may produce carbon monoxide, carbon, carbon dioxide, soot, water, and energy; occurs when the oxygen supply is limited

What is galvanized steel

steel that has been coated with protective layer of zinc, which forms a hard, insoluble oxide

What is corrosion (DOE)

Breakdown of a metal resulting from reactions with chemicals in its environment

What is rust?

When iron or steel corrodes however it doesn’t become a protective oxide rather it begins to chip away

NOTE

Combustion reactions happen faster than corrosion reactions

acid leaching

removing heavy metals from containated soils by adding an acid solution to the soil and catching the solution hat drains through

Dry deposition

Acid-forming pollutants fall directly to earth in the dry state

Prokaryote

Eukaroyte (potentially on exam or POE)

single celled life forms that don’t contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

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Cells that contain a nucleus and other organelles (multi-cellular organisms)

Difference between plant an animal cells (DOE)

* Plants have a cell wall
* Plants have chloroplasts
* Plants don’t have centrioles or lysosomes
* Plants have one large vacuole

3 reasons to cell division

reproduce

regenerate

repair

Difference between asexual reproduction and sexual

Asexual reproduction involves one parent and the offspring are exact genetic copies while sexual reproduction involves two parents and the offspring has genetic information of each

Diffusion

When chemicals move in and out of a cell from an area of high concentration to low one

Osmosis

The movement of a liquid (typically water) across a membrane towards an area of high solute concentration

What does a vacuole do? (function of organelles DOE)

a fluid filled sac that stores food and water for the cell

golgi apparatus

an organelle involved in packaging proteins and producing lyosomes

chromosomes

Long twisted strands of DNA in the nucleus

Rough ER

Stores, separates, and serves as the cell’s transport system and it’s covered in ribosomes

Lyosomes

sac like structure full of digestive enzymes

The 3 stages of the cell cycle (DOE)

* interphase
* mitosis
* cytokinesis

NOTE

Some cells take 30hrs to divide and certain cells don’t divide like adult nerve cells/cardiac cells

Mitosis (all stages DOE)

the stage where the DNA and nucleus is divided

What is biophotomics

Using light energy to diagnose, monitor, and treat living cells and organisms

Prophase

The chromosomes thicken and become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears

Metaphase

The chromosomes line up at the center with the help of spindle fibers

Anaphase

The sister chromatids separate to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

The cell starts to separate and a new membrane forms around each cell

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm pinches off and there are two new daughter cells

White blood cells (DOE)

fight infection (they make up less than 1% of blood volume)

red blood cells (DOE)

they contain hemoglobin which picks up CO2 and O2 and they make up almost half the body’s blood volume

Platelets

They are cells which help blood clot they also create less than 1% of blood volume

Plasma

Protein rich liquid that carries the blood cells along, makes up over half the blood volume

Nerve cells

Conducts electricial impulses to coordinates body activities

Fat cells

large vacuoles that store chemical energy

Skin cells

Tightly packed to reduce water loss

4 types of tissues in human

Epthelial

* Protects from dehydration
* Friction resistant
* Skin

Nerve

* Provie sensory sensations
* Brain to body communication
* Spinal cord cord/ Neurons

Muscle

* Allows the body to move
* 3 types (skeletal/smooth/cardiac)

Connective

* Provides support and insulation
* Blood/Cartilage

Function of large and small intestine

Large absorbs water from the indigestive waste and small breaks down food further and absorbs nutrients

Pancreas (all key organs **DOE**)

Produces insulin to regulate your glucose levels (digestive system)

Trachea

The airway to your lungs

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries and where gas exchange between air and blood occurs

Spinal cord

short cut for our reflexes

Lungs

allows oxygen to move into your blood and CO2 to leave

Digestive system (all key systems DOE)

The system takes food and then digests it and excretes the remaining waste. Involves the following

* Mouth
* Salivary glands
* Esophagus
* Stomach
* Small intestine
* Large intestine (colon)
* Appendix (not sure)
* Rectum then anus

Accesosry organs

* Liver/Gallbladder/Pancreas

Label the following parts (just go inorder from top to bottom)

Esophagus

Liver

Stomach

Large intestine (colon)

Rectum

Cancer (DOE)

Various diseases which occur from uncontrolled cell division

The three points in the cell theory

* All living things are made up cells
* All cells came from prexisting cells
* The cell is the most basic unit of life

Circulatory system

The system that transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries away waste

Respiratory system

The system which provides ocygen for the body and allows CO2 to leave. The air travels into your mouth or nose then down the trachea, bronchi and into the alveoli where the gas exchange occurs (this is in the lungs) the lungs and ribcage both expand and contract

Musculoskelteal system

It supports the body/protects delicate organs and allows movement

3 types of connective tissue in skeleton

Bones

* hard and dense
* has nerve and blood vessels

Ligaments

* tough and elastic
* Hold bone together at the joint

Cartilage

* Dense
* strong and flexible
* Found in nose and ear

3 types of muscles (POE)

Smooth (involuntary)

skeletal (contrct when signled)

Cardiac (in the heart)

Nervous system

System which senses the environment and coordinates appropriate responses

Central nervous system (CNS)

consists of brain and spinal cord and it carry signlas between the CNS and the PNS

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

it relays info about the internal and external environment to the brain and connects the rest of the body to the CNS

Why is the structure of a neuron important (POE)

They send signals from one area of the body to another (axons are neurons covered in myelin and it acts as insulation on an electrical wire making sure it passes in the right way)

How do the circulatory and urinary system work together (system network DOE)

The urinary system has to get rid of waste the way this happens is if the blood travels there from the circulatory system and absorbs the waste and then transport it back out

What is shoot and root system (DOE)

Shoot system contains the stem ,leaves and flower it is there to conduct photosynthesis and create flowers for sexual reproduction and the root system just contains the various roots which absorbs water and minerals and bring them to the various plant parts

Explain the 3 types of tissue in plants (DOE)

Dermal

* Outer layer
* Epidermal is outer layer on non-woody plants and periderm is the opposite

Vascular Tissue

* Specialized tissues
* Transporting water and minerla s and nutrients throughout the plant
* 2 types (xylem and phloem)

Ground

* Makes up everything that the other two don’t
* Manufactured nutrients by the process of photosynthesis; in the roots, they store carbohydrates; and in the stems, they provide storage and support

What is xyelm and pholem (DOE)

The two types of vascular tissues. Xylem transport water and dissolved minerals upwards from the root while pholem transports sugar solutions from photosynthesis and hormones

What are meristematic cells

undifferentiated plant cells that can divide and become specalized

Palisade layer and spongy mesophyll

The first is near the top and it is packed cells while the other is loosely packaged cells

Label the leaf diagram (off of test)

1. cuticle
2. vascular bundle
3. palisade layer/mesophyll
4. stomate
5. guard cells

Apical meristem and lateral meristem

Apical are undifferentiated cells at the tip of plant roots and shoots and hey allow them to grow longer and lateral are undifferentiated cells in the bark they allow the plant to grow wider

Medium

Phsyical substance through which energy can be transferred

Radiation

a method of energy transfer that does not require a medium

Electromagnetic wave (DOE)

A wave that has both electric and magnetic parts does not require a medium