BIO100 Final

Is sugar an organic molecule?

Yes, because it contains carbon.

Do amino acids contain both amino and carboxyl functional groups?

Yes.

Is glycogen the carbohydrate found in plant cell walls?

No, cellulose is.

What can be true of chemical bonds?

Electrons can be shared or completely transferred.

Why is water a polar molecule?

Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen.

Why do oil and vinegar separate?

Because oil is hydrophobic and won't dissolve in vinegar.

What is the atomic number of an element with 21 protons?

21.

Why are hydrogen bonds formed?

Because polar molecules are attracted to hydrogen ions.

How do hydrophilic molecules interact with water?

They tend to be attracted to water.

What domain does a multicellular, nucleus-containing organism that produces oxygen belong to?

Domain Eukarya.

What is an ion?

An atom that gains or loses electrons.

In a saltwater solution, what is the solvent and what is the solute?

Water is the solvent; salt is the solute.

How do buffering systems maintain pH?

By removing H+ ions when too acidic and adding H+ ions when too basic.

Can a hypothesis be accepted or rejected based on experimental evidence?

Yes.

What is an important biological molecule that contains an amino group?

An enzyme (a protein).

What are polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins?

They are organic molecules built of chemically linked monomers.

What does glycogen store in animals?

Glucose.

What is the best sequence for the scientific method?

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion.

Do acids release hydrogen ions into aqueous solutions?

Yes.

What do many antibiotics do by blocking ribosomes?

They block protein synthesis.

What do animal cells need oxygen for?

To produce ATP.

What is a purpose of the plasma membrane?

To form the outer boundary of a cell.

Does passive transport require ATP?

No, active transport requires ATP.

Must a theory be supported by evidence?

Yes.

What do cilia and flagella do?

They are involved in movement of cells or movement of material around a cell.

What are the fundamental units of life?

Cells.

Which organelles are believed to have originated from free-standing bacteria?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

What are nucleotides the building blocks for?

ATP, DNA, and RNA.

Do animal cells have a cell wall?

No, only plant cells do.

How can you make butter softer at room temperature?

By creating more double bonds in the fatty acid chains.

Why does every protein have a unique shape and function?

Because each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.

Which organelle is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?

Lysosomes.

What are organized structures that perform specific functions in cells called?

Organelles.

Is the plasma membrane semipermeable?

Yes, it is permeable to small/uncharged molecules, not larger/charged ones.

What does the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane refer to?

Its composition of phospholipids and stationary/mobile proteins.

What component of the plasma membrane helps maintain its fluidity?

Cholesterol.

What do diffusing molecules move down until they are evenly distributed?

Their concentration gradients.

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

By lowering activation energy.

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

Which statement about energy is NOT true?

It can be created from nothing.

What type of reactions can the energy released during exergonic reactions drive?

Endergonic reactions.

What is the role of a control in an experiment?

To provide a basis of comparison to an experimental group.

What is metabolism?

The sum of all the chemical reactions that a cell carries out.

What served as a control in Pasteur's experiment?

The standard-neck flask.

Why do eukaryotic cells require oxygen?

To serve as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

What does glycogen store in the liver?

Glucose.

Must a hypothesis be supported by evidence?

No, a hypothesis is a testable proposal; evidence comes after testing.

What part of a phospholipid avoids water?

The tail.

What is an example of a molecule that may contain the -NH₂ group?

An enzyme (a protein).

What is the term that describes the diffusion of water?

Osmosis.

What does facilitated diffusion occur with?

The help of transport proteins.

Do substrates bind to enzymes in the active site?

Yes.

What does entropy measure?

Disorder in a system.

Do multiple enzymes work together in a metabolic pathway?

Yes.

During cellular respiration, what happens to glucose and oxygen?

Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced.

Where does the oxygen produced during photosynthesis come from?

Water.

Why do plants that perform photosynthesis also need to carry out cellular respiration?

To make ATP for other cellular needs.

What role do H⁺ ions play in the electron transport chain?

They create a gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

What is carbon fixation?

When plants incorporate CO₂ into sugars.

Which has the most entropy?

Steam (gas phase).

Where does photosynthesis take place in a cell?

In the chloroplast.

Where is the majority of ATP produced in aerobic respiration?

The electron transport chain.

What is the ultimate source of energy for most life on Earth?

The sun.

What enzyme creates ATP during electron transport?

ATP synthase.

Which statement about enzymes is false?

One enzyme works on many different substrates.

What is an example of a molecule being reduced?

FAD → FADH₂.

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

In the stroma.

What is the source of electrons in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Water in photosynthesis; glucose in cellular respiration.

What do a tree, robins, squirrels, beetles, and lichens together compose?

A community.

When did bacteria first perform photosynthesis?

About 3.4 billion years ago.

Which organelles originated from free-standing bacteria via endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

What are mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Organelles involved in energy production.

What do the cell walls of fungi contain?

Chitin

What is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration when glucose is the fuel?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport

Where are stomata located in the leaf and where are chloroplasts found?

Stomata are in the leaf's epidermis; chloroplasts are in the leaf's mesophyll.

What products of photosynthesis are used by humans and animals?

Glucose and oxygen

What is a major difference between bacteria and eukaryotes?

Bacteria have no membrane-bound organelles.

Will a carrier for a genetic disorder pass the allele to all their offspring?

False

What is the relationship between mutations and cancer?

Some mutations cause cells to lose control over cell division, resulting in cancer.

Is the genotype '#' an example of a heterozygous genotype?

False

What is polygenic inheritance?

Traits like height, weight, and skin color controlled by many genes.

What is the term for an observable trait?

Phenotype

Do living things inherit information from their parents encoded in proteins?

False (Encoded in DNA)

If a person shows a recessive trait phenotype, what must their genotype be?

Homozygous recessive

Is the phenotype of an organism determined by the environment?

False (Phenotype is determined by genotype and environment.)

What do homologous chromosomes pair up to form?

A tetrad

What is the result of recombination (crossing over) during meiosis?

It creates chromosomes with new combinations of paternal and maternal material.

What are the parental genotypes for a child with no freckles/attached earlobes from two parents with freckles/unattached earlobes?

FfEe x FfEe (both heterozygous)

Does the structure of DNA allow it to replicate itself?

True

Which component of transcription/translation has the anticodon?

tRNA

Which segment of mRNA is removed before translation?

Introns

What is the process of copying DNA into RNA called?

Transcription

Is the statement 'the larger an organism, the larger its genome must be' true?

False

Are tRNA and rRNA translated into proteins?

False

What enzyme is responsible for transcribing DNA?

RNA polymerase

What molecule is the product of transcription?

RNA

If DNA is TTGCGATCG, what mRNA will it encode?

AACGCUAGC

What does the ordering of bases in a gene determine?

The order of amino acids in a protein.

When does DNA replication take place in the cell cycle?

Before mitosis (during S phase of interphase)

What is the first tRNA anticodon that binds to mRNA?

Complementary to AUG