psiquiatria

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Last updated 6:52 AM on 5/25/25
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106 Terms

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acatisia

— dificultad para permanecer quieto

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adicción

— dependencia de una sustancia química al extremo de establecer una necesidad fisiológica

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aerofagia

deglución excesiva de aire, en ocasiones morbosa, debida a factores psicológicos

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agitación

inquietud intensa, una expresión psicomotora mayor de tensión emocional

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agotamiento

efectos físicos y psíquicos del trabajo excesivo, caracterizado por fatiga muscular y estado de ansiedad.

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agresión

en psiquiatría úsase como un ataque verbal o físico, a veces de orden simbólico, encaminado a descargar tensiones del interior de la personalidad hacia el ambiente inmediato.

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ajuste

relación entre la persona, su yo interno y su ambiente

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alienista

médico dedicado al estudio y curación de las enfermedades mentales

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alucinación

percepción sensorial falsa, en la ausencia de un estímulo externo real.

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alucinación liliputiense

— forma de alucinación visual en que los personajes y las escenas vislumbradas se reducen a una escala minúscula como en el mundo de Gulliver.

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ambivalencia

coexistencia de dos impulsos, deseos o sentimientos opuestos dirigidos hacia la misma persona, objeto o meta

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amnesia

pérdida patológica de la memoria

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análisis

sinónimo de psicoanálisis

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anamnesis

procedimiento que consiste en la recolección de datos de un paciente determinado para estructurar la historia ordenada de su enfermedad.

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ansiedad

estado de aprensión, tensión o inquietud que arranca de una anticipación de peligro, la fuente del cual se desconoce en buena medida.

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autismo

forma de pensamiento caracterizada por inmersión en uno mismo y egocentricidad, en donde los hechos objetivos están oscurecidos, distorsionados o excluidos en grados variables.

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biotipología

clasificación del ser humano, considerado como un conjunto de caracteres anatómicos, fisiológicos y psicológicos que interactúan, y que se clasifican en diferentes grupos o tipos.

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bisexual

persona que alterna las prácticas homosexuales con las heterosexuales

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bradipsiquia

lentitud o tardanza en los procesos del pensar

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bulimia nerviosa

trastorno alimentario caracterizado por atracones compulsivos, seguidos por sentimiento de culpa, angustia, y pérdida de control, con conductas compensadoras como ayuno, vómitos provocados, uso de laxantes y diuréticos, o ejercicio físico intenso

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carácter

en psiquiatría, la suma de rasgos de personalidad relativamente fijos y de los modos habituales de respuesta del individuo.

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catalepsia

cierta condición generalizada de disminución de las respuestas a estímulos naturales del ambiente, usualmente caracterizada por estados parecidos a un trance

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catarsis

comunicación verbal de material reprimido que perturba la conciencia o el equilibrio nervioso

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catatonia

estado caracterizado por inmovilidad, casi rigidez muscular, o inflexibilidad y en ocasiones por excitabilidad

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ciclotimia

alternancias de periodos de exaltación o depresión del afecto, vistas en la psicosis maniacodepresiva

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cognoscitivo

refiérese a los procesos mentales de comprensión, juicio, memoria y raciocinio

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compenetración

en psiquiatría sentimiento consciente de acuerdo armonioso, interés mutuo y simpatía que contribuyen a la confianza del paciente en el médico y su disposición a cooperar con él

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compensación

mecanismo de defensa que opera de modo inconsciente, por el cual el individuo trata de resolver sus deficiencias, reales o fantaseadas.

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complejo

grupo de ideas asociadas que tienen un tono emocional común

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compulsión

urgencia insistente, repetitiva y no deseada de realizar un acto que es contrario a los deseos ordinarios o convicciones de una persona determinada.

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conductismo

corriente fundada por John B. Watson que propone que todas las cosas que hacen los organismos (pensar, actuar y sentir) pueden y deben considerarse comportamientos, que pueden describirse científicamente, sin recurrir a eventos fisiológicos internos o construcciones hipotéticas, como la mente.

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confabulación

relleno de espacios amnésicos por experiencias imaginarias

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conflicto

en psiquiatría, una lucha mental que resulta de la operación simultánea de impulsos o tendencias opuestos, o de demandas internas o externas

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contenido latente

significación escondida o inconsciente de los pensamientos o acciones, de preferencia en sueños o fantasías.

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déjà vu

; sensación de que se ha sido testigo o se ha experimentado antes una situación nueva.

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delirio

confusión mental que se caracteriza por alucinaciones, pensamientos absurdos reiterados, e incoherencia.

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demencia

deterioro progresivo e irreversible de las facultades mentales, con graves trastornos de conducta

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depresión

trastorno del estado de ánimo caracterizado por una tristeza profunda en desproporción a las pérdidas de objetos amorosos que algún individuo haya sufrido, y por la inhibición de las funciones psíquicas.

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dipsomanía

variedad clínica del alcoholismo crónico en la que hay compulsión a beber alcohol durante etapas intermitentes de duración variable.

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disociación

mecanismo de defensa inconsciente por medio del cual la significación emocional y el afecto están separados o desprendidos de una idea, situación u objeto.

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ego

una de las tres subdivisiones del aparato psíquico de acuerdo con la teoría psicoanalítica; representa mecanismos mentales como la percepción y memoria y mecanismos de defensa específicos;

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eidetismo —

facultad que presentan algunos sujetos de volver a ver, fijando la vista en una superficie lisa, la imagen de algún objeto que han tenido previamente ante sus ojos;

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empatía

advertencia objetiva y penetrante de los sentimientos, emociones y conducta de otra persona, además de lograr la percepción de su significado

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esquizofrenia

grupo de trastornos mentales crónicos y graves, que se caracterizan por alteraciones en la percepción o la expresión de la realidad, y de la conciencia de realidad, y por desorganización neuropsicológica

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etología

estudio científico de la conducta de los animales en su ambiente natural;

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euforia

sensación exagerada de bienestar emocional y físico que no es congruente con los sucesos o estímulos aparentes por los que cursa un sujeto en un momento dado.

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eutimia

estado de ánimo gozoso, pero tranquilo.

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fantasía

secuencia imaginada de acontecimientos o imágenes mentales, como la que se presenta en la ensoñación diurna;

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felación

estimulación sexual del pene por contacto oral.

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fetiche

objeto inanimado al que se le da un significado especial de orden simbólico.

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fobia

reacción de miedo frente a un objeto o situación que han sido desplazados de modo inconsciente

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frigidez

— inhibición psicógena de la respuesta sexual de la mujer, manifestada por una variedad de dificultades que van desde la falta completa de respuesta sexual, hasta orgasmo incompleto

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frustración

reacción del sujeto a la falta de satisfacción de un deseo

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grafología

estudio de los aspectos de la escritura en cuanto expresan el carácter y el estado psicológico de la personalidad.

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hebefrenia

forma de esquizofrenia que aparece después de la pubertad, caracterizada por debilitación de los principios instintivos de la vida mental derivados directamente del sistema nervioso vegetativo

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hedonismo

— búsqueda constante del placer y alejamiento del dolor

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hipocondria

síndrome constituido por preocupaciones excesivas y angustiosas respecto de la salud, que en sí carecen de un fundamento orgánico real.

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histeria

neurosis caracterizada por importante detención del desarrollo psicológico y la inhabilidad para tolerar el estrés

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histriónico

término que se usa para designar rasgos de la personalidad en algunos histéricos y que connota teatralidad y exageración en los gestos y en la conducta

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idealización

mecanismo mental que opera de modo consciente o inconsciente, por el cual el individuo sobrestima un aspecto o atributo admirado de otra persona

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ilusión

— interpretación equivocada de una experiencia real.

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imago

imagen mental inconsciente casi siempre idealizada de una persona importante en la historia temprana del individuo.

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impotencia

por lo regular se refiere a la incapacidad del varón de llevar a cabo el acto sexual, puede depender de causas psicológicas y orgánicas.

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incoherencia

— falta de cohesión o continuidad en el enlace lógico de las ideas, discursos o actos.

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incompetente

término jurídico aplicado a la persona que, debido a enfermedad mental, no puede responsabilizarse de algunos procedimientos legales, como redactar un testamento, firmar un contrato o ser sometido a juicio.

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inconsciente

parte de la mente o del funcionamiento mental del cual el contenido sólo es sujeto a la advertencia de modo ocasional

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inhibición

— defensa inconsciente en contra de impulsos instintivos prohibidos.

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juicio

cualidad de todo acto intelectual apreciado desde el punto de vista de la razón.

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labil

refiérese a emociones inestables, rápidamente cambiantes

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lesbianismo

— homosexualidad en la mujer.

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logorrea

habla excesiva e incontrolable, delirio de la lengua.

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lúdico

se da el nombre de lúdicas a aquellas formas de actividad cerebral —lenguaje, mímica, conducta— que carecen de utilidad práctica y no se hallan adaptadas a las condiciones del ambiente o del momento en que se producen

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masoquismo

perversión que asocia el goce erótico al dolor experimentado por el sujeto;

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melancolía

estado patológico caracterizado esencialmente por una profunda tristeza y un pesimismo generalizado.

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mezcalina

alcaloide originalmente derivado del peyote, variedad de un cacto, que se parece químicamente a la anfetamina y adrenalina y se usa de modo experimental para producir alucinaciones.

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migraña

síndrome relacionado con alteraciones de los vasos sanguíneos, nervios y sustancias químicas cerebrales, que se caracteriza por cefaleas, por lo común unilaterales, recurrentes e intensas, a menudo precedidas por un aura y asociadas con náuseas, vómitos y trastornos visuales.

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mutismo

acto de rehusarse a hablar, por razones conscientes o inconscientes; síntoma frecuente en las psicosis.

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narcisismo

amor aplicado a uno mismo, en oposición al amor que puede aplicarse a otros objetos;

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nihilismo

en psiquiatría la idea delirante de que uno mismo o parte de uno mismo no existe.

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nostalgia

sentimiento de pesar y de tristeza causado por la ausencia, el aislamiento y la separación de los contactos afectivos anteriores, que dificulta la adaptación a una existencia y un ambiente nuevos.

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obsesió

— idea o impulso persistente no deseado, que no puede ser eliminado por la lógica o el razonamiento.

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oligofrenia

deficiencia mental.

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onanismo

— relación sexual incompleta o coitus interruptus;

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pánico

en psiquiatría, crisis aguda, intensa y sobrecogedora de ansiedad, acompañada de un grado variable de desorganización de la personalidad.

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parafrenia

estado paranoide que consiste en un sistema delirante, persecutorio o de grandiosidad, sin los trastornos primarios del afecto y del pensamiento que caracterizan a la esquizofrenia.

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paranoide

adjetivo aplicado a individuos suspicaces y desconfiados que a veces pueden tener delirios de grandiosidad o persecutorios, o ideas de referencia.

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personalidad

modo característico en que una persona se comporta; patrón de comportamiento profundamente engranado que cada persona desarrolla a la vez consciente e inconscientemente, como su estilo de vida o su modo de ser al adaptarse a su medio.

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persuasión

en psiquiatría, enfoque terapéutico basado en la sugestión y guía directas que intenta influir de manera favorable las actividades, la conducta y las metas de los pacientes

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pica

trastorno de la ingestión y de la conducta alimentaria, en el que existe un deseo irresistible de comer o lamer sustancias no nutritivas y poco usuales, como tierra, yeso, etcétera.

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psicoanálisis —

una teoría psicológica de desarrollo humano y conducta, un método de investigación y un sistema de psicoterapia, desarrollados originalmente por Sigmund Freud.

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psicodélica

término aplicado a varias drogas que pueden inducir alucinaciones y estados psicóticos, incluyendo importantes distorsiones perceptivas —de espacio, tiempo, sonido, color, etc.—;

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psicoanalista

profesional que aplica el psicoanálisis en el tratamiento de sus pacientes.

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psicosis

trastorno mental mayor de causa orgánica o funcional en donde está alterada la capacidad del sujeto de aprehender e interpretar correctamente la realidad.

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sadismo

placer obtenido por medio de la provocación de dolor físico o psicológico, o abuso en otras personas.

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sedante

fármaco que aquieta, calma o evita la excitación

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simbiosis

en psiquiatría denota una relación reforzada mutua entre dos personas perturbadas que son dependientes una de otra.

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sociópata

persona que padece el trastorno de la personalidad consistente en variaciones de la conducta y contextura moral del sujeto:

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sodomía —

coito anal.

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sugestión

en psiquiatría el proceso mediante el cual se influye a un individuo para que acepte sin críticas una idea, una creencia o una actitud inducidas por el terapeuta.

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temperamento

conjunto de disposiciones potenciales de un sujeto, inherente a su constitución biológica, así como a sus tendencias caracterológicas que determina su comportamiento habitual y orienta el sentido de sus reacciones.

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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