AP Psych Theme Quiz: Brain, NT, Drugs

alcohol

depressant

• Pleasurable effects: Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition

• Negative aftereffects: Depression, memory loss, oxygen damage, impaired reactions

Heroin

depressant

• Pleasurable effects: Flush of euphoria relief from pain

• Negative aftereffects: Depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

Caffeine

stimulant

• Pleasurable effects: Increased alertness and wakefulness

• Negative aftereffects: Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses, uncomfortable withdrawal

Methamphetamine

stimulant

• Pleasurable effects: Euphoria, alertness, and energy

• Negative aftereffects: Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures

cocaine

stimulant

• Pleasurable effects: Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy

• Negative aftereffects: Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

nicotine

stimulant

• Pleasurable effects: Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being

• Negative aftereffects: Heart disease, cancer

ecstasy (MDMA)

stimulant/mild hallucinogen

• Pleasurable effects: Emotional elevation, disinhibition

• Negative aftereffects: Dehydration, overeating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning.

LSD

hallucinogen

• Pleasurable effects: Visual trip

• Negative aftereffects: Risk of panic

Marijuana

mild hallucinogen

• Pleasurable effects: Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation

• Negative aftereffects: Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke

acetycholine (ach)

• Function: Enables muscle action, learning and memory.

• Malfunction: With Alzheimer’s disease, Ach-producing neurons deteriorate.

dopamine

• Function: Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

• Malfunction: Oversupply linked to schizophrenia. Undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease

serotonin

• Function: Affect mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

• Malfunction: Undersupply linked to depression. Some antidepressant drugs raise this neurotransmitter’s levels.

norepinephrine

• Function: Helps control alertness and arousal

• Malfunction: Undersupply can depress mood.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

• Function: A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

• Malfunction: Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

glutamate

• Function: A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory.

• Malfunction: Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures (Why some people avoid this in food.)

pituitary gland

• controls the endocrine system, secretes the hormone for body growth

temporal lobe

• A portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears

temporal lobe

• Holds the ability to recognize faces

temporal lobe

• Responsible for auditory processing

temporal lobe

• Receives information from the opposite ear

temporal lobe

• Lobe that contains the Wernicke’s Area

occipital lobe

• Responsible for being able to see written words as visual stimulation

occipital lobe

• Processes information from visual receptors

occipital lobe

• Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head

thalamus

• The brain’s central processing center, processing all incoming sensory information, except smell

thalamus

• Filters and relays sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

• Bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain that aids in communication between them.

corpus callosum

• This area is sometimes cut in patients with severe epilepsy to prevent the epilepsy from damaging both hemispheres of the brain

cerebellum

• Responsible for balance and coordinate voluntary movement, for fine motor skills, and processing sensory input

cerebellum

• Enables nonverbal learning and memory

cerebellum

• Initiates smooth voluntary movement, balance, eye movement, and posture

cerebellum

• AKA “the little brain” at the rear of the brainstem

hypothalamus

• Responsible for the four Fs: feeding, fighting, fleeing, and flirting

hypothalamus

• Controls the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

• Responsible for maintenance functions including eating, drinking, sex and internal body temperature

hypothalamus

• Linked to emotion and reward

hypothalamus

• A neural structure lying below the thalamus

prefrontal cortex

• Area that controls higher order thinking and cognitive processing

prefrontal cortex

• Area is responsible for judgment, planning, and processing new memories

prefrontal cortex

• Located in the forward part of the frontal lobe

motor cortex

• An area at the rear of the frontal lobes

motor cortex

• Controls voluntary movements

motor cortex

• Area responsible for outgoing messages directing movement to muscles

pons

• Controls sleeping and dreaming

pons

• Area located on the brainstem just before the spinal cord enters the brain

amygdala

• A portion of the limbic system.

amygdala

• Controls emotions such as fear, aggression, and rage

amygdala

• Damage to this area causes limited emotional responses

frontal lobes

• Area responsible for impulse control

frontal lobes

• Area that holds Broca’s areas

frontal lobes

• Responsible for speaking, muscle movement, reasoning, planning, judgment

frontal lobes

• Portion of the cerebral cortex, just behind the forehead

frontal lobes

• Differences in this area distinguish humans from other animals

frontal lobes

• This area is activated when listening or humming a tune

association areas

• Areas of the cerebral cortex

association areas

• Integrates sensory input with stored memory

association areas

• Are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

brainstem

oldest and central core of the brain

brainstem

this area directs messages to the opposite side of the brain

brainstem

responsible for automatic survival function

parietal lobe

a portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top, rear of the head

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch, pain, temp, and body position

parietal lobe

holds the somatosensory cortex

parietal lobe

this area is activated by incoming sensory info

medulla

area that holds info about reflexes such as sneezing, coughing, and swallowing

medulla

responsible for controlling heartbeat and breathing

medulla

area located on the brainstem just before the spinal cord enters the brain

reticular formation

controls sleep and levels of arousal or attention

reticular formation

responsible for filtering incoming info and sending along relevant info to the thalamus

cerebrum

made up of axons of neurans and glial cells and is called white matter

cerebrum

consists of 85% of brain’s weight

cerebrum

divided into two hemispheres of halves called the cerebral hemispheres

cerebral cortex

this outer layer is made up of the cell bodies of neurons called gray matter

cerebral cortex

this covers the cerebrum

cerebral cortex

ultimate control and info-processing center

limbic system

neural systems located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives

limbic system

includes the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus

hippocampus

a neural system that is a portion of the limbic system

hippocampus

helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events

spinal cord

pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from the brain

spinal cord

controls simple reflexes

somatosensory cortex

an area at the front of the parietal lobes

somatosensory cortex

regulates and processes body touch and movement sensations

visual cortex

located in the occipital lobes at the rear of the brain

visual cortex

receives input from eyes

auditory cortex

located in the temporal areas above the ears

auditory cortex

receives info from ears

pineal gland

the endocrine gland that is the source of melatonin in vertebrates

suprachiasmatic nucleus

located in the hypothalamus, it is the central pacemaker of the body’s circadian rhythm

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

it is activated by light stimulation via the retina

wernicke’s area

usually in the left temporal lobe

wernicke’s area

responsible for speech comprehension/reception and expression

wernicke’s area

damage to this area may result in aphasia (a problem with processing or articulating speech)

broca’s area

an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere

broca’s area

responsible for speech production/language expression

broca’s area

damage to this area may result in aphasia (a problem with processing or articulating speech)