APUSH U5: PT 3

Lost Cause myth

Lost Cause myth

-White southerners romanticized the Civil War

-They missed Antebellum South and honored Confederate heroes like Jefferson Davis and Robert E Lee.

-Confederate heroes looked at with reverence

Thirteenth Amendment

Established in 1865

• abolished slavery throughout the United States

• still prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude except as a punishment for a crime

Freedmen's Bureau

-government agency founded during Reconstruction in March, 1865

-Set up to help newly freed slaves get started in life outside of the plantations

-Reunited families separate by slavery and arranged their education and social welfare

-Andrew Johnson vetoed the legislation, but the Radical Republicans got a 2/3 majority in congress to override the veto and have the law passed

Radical Republicans

-Small group of people in congress

-Did not like Johnson's leniency nor his complicity in resegregating the South

-Believed that the South's secession had caused untold damage and death to the country and that the South needed to pay for their actions

-Since they hated Johnson and his policies, they wanted reconstruction to be led by congress and not the president

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

-Took place after the Civil war to reunite the country again

-Granted amnesty (pardon) to those who took a loyalty oath

-statehood in the government would be re-established if 10% of citizens took the oath

-Didn't pardon important military generals

-Ended in 1877

Black Codes

-1865-1866 during Johnson's presidency

-Restrictive southern laws

-Restricted the freedom of Southern blacks and forced them to work for low wages

Civil Rights Act of 1866

-Passed by Congress on April 1866

-Protected the citizenship of black people and gave them equal protection under the laws

-Andrew Johnson vetoed the legislation, but the Radical Republicans got a 2/3 majority in congress to override the veto and have the law passed

Fourteenth Amendment

-July, 1868

-Reconstruction amendment

-States that all persons who were born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens of the U.S., and that every citizen enjoyed equal protection of the laws on the state level

-Did not apply to Native Americans

Fifteenth Amendment

-Feb, 1869

-Reconstruction amendment

-Granted voting rights to the newly freed black population of the South

-Angered women's rights advocates because it did not recognize the right of women to vote

-Split the women's rights movement into two

Ex Parte Milligan

-1866

-Lambden P. Milligan was sentenced to death by a military commission in Indiana during the Civil War because he had engaged in acts of disloyalty

-Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law

Andrew Johnson

-1865-1869

-Became president after the assassination of Lincoln (april 1865)

-Being a Southerner from Tennessee gave him no sympathy for the equality of the races

-Still went out with Lincoln's reconstruction plan, but firmly stood with the South and his position on slavery

-Was impeached after going against the Tenure of Office Act, but remained in office afterwards

Tenure of Office Act

-March, 1867

-Enacted by radical Republicans in Congress

-Made it illegal for the president to fire a member of his cabinet without congressional approval

-Johnson did not listen and fired a member of his cabinet'

-As a result, congress enacted an impeachment trial against Johnson, but there were enough votes to keep him in office

Scalawags

-A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War

Carpetbaggers

-A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners

-tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states and manipulating new black voters

Sharecropping

-1867

-A system used by southern farmers to replace the slavery like farming system used after the Civil War

-land owners provided seed and farm supplies to the worker in exchange for a share of the harvest

-Ended up turning into another form of servitude but was less harsh than slavery

National Greenback Party

-Founded in 1878
-party was primarily composed of prairie farmers who went into debt during the Panic of 1873
-Not successful in popularity

-The Party fought for increased monetary circulation through issuance of paper currency and bimetallism (using both gold and silver as legal tender

-supported inflationary programs in the belief that they would benefit debtors

-sought benefits for labor such as shorter working hours and a national labor bureau

-had the support of several labor groups and they wanted the government to print more greenbacks.

Sewards Folly

-Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in march, 1867

-many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars

-it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

Ku Klux Klan

-1867

-Stood by the principle that the white race was superior to the black race

-They spread their message by burning buildings, controlling local politics through intimidation, and did public and private lynching of black people "who refused to accept their place in the world"

Social Darwinism

-theory applied in civilization about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies that only those who are deemed fit will be the ones to survive socially and economically

Rutherford B Hayes

-Elected president in 1876

-Became president because of the Compromise of 1877

Compromise of 1877

-Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest/tie between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.)

-Democrats agreed to concede Hayes with the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South

-ended Reconstruction

Redeemer Rule

-a political group established in the American South in the 1870s

-Their goal was to "restore" the South by removing Republicans from power and restoring white supremacy

-Most were white landowning farmers who benefited from the old/pre Civil War social order in the South

Henry Grady

-Journalist and Editor of the Atlanta Constitution (1868)

-preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms (mostly from Atlanta), and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world

-Coined the term "New South" and was a leading advocate of it

Southern Industrialization

-Industry expanded, especially in textiles, tobacco processing, iron and steel, and railroads

-Southern production and income increased but still lagged significantly behind that of the North.

-Henry Grady and other prominent spokesmen advocated the improvement and progression

Tenant farming and sharecroppers

-system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter

-An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop

-Owners are left with little to sell for themselves, and did not make enough money to buy their own land or equipment

Booker T. Washington

-African American progressive and former slave

-supported segregation and demanded that African Americans better themselves individually to achieve equality rather than a mass uprising

-Gradual gain of equal rights

Jim Crow

-Laws implemented after the Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery

Plessy v Ferguson

-1896
-Supreme Court decision

-legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
-"Separate but equal"

Lynching

-putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law or trial

-killing of blacks by white mobs because they were accused of committing crimes or because they had angered the whites

-most were done secretly by small mobs.

Ida B Wells

-African American journalist, abolitionist, and womens rights activist

-published statistics about lynching

-urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores