Ch 5 RNA types and roles

mRNA

mRNA

Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

tRNA

Transfer RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome and decodes mRNA into proteins during translation.

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA that makes up the core structure of ribosomes and is essential for protein synthesis.

ncRNA

Non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression and cell defense, more prominent than mRNA in most cells.

IncRNA

Long noncoding RNA involved in eukaryotic chromatin structure and regulation.

sRNA

Small RNA in prokaryotes that can bind mRNA to block translation.

snRNA

Small nuclear RNA that binds mRNA to change transcription and is a component of spliceosomes.

circRNA

Circular RNA that regulates transcription and acts as a sponge for microRNAs, impacting gene expression.

miRNA

MicroRNA that binds to complementary sequences of target mRNAs, playing roles in gene silencing and regulation.

siRNA

Small interfering RNA involved in RNA interference pathways, cleaving complementary mRNAs for gene silencing.

TERC

Telomerase RNA component that maintains telomeres and improves chromosomal stability.

piRNA

PIWI-interacting RNA that silences transposable elements in mammalian cells.

snoRNA

Small nucleolar RNA that guides chemical modifications of rRNA, tRNA, and snRNA.

Xist

X-inactive specific transcript that plays a role in the chromosomal structure of female mammals.

gRNA

Guide RNA used in CRISPR gene editing to target specific DNA sequences.

RISC

RNA-induced silencing complex that processes siRNA and miRNA to reduce gene expression.

Similarity between siRNA and miRNA

Both are 20-25 nucleotides long and involved in RNA interference mechanisms.

Difference between siRNA and miRNA

siRNA is derived from exogenous dsRNA, while miRNA is endogenous and regulates gene expression.

Role of circRNA

Acts as a sponge for miRNAs, preventing their interaction with target mRNAs and regulating gene expression indirectly.

Function of IncRNA

Important for transcription regulation and maintaining genomic integrity.