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Meiosis
Cell division that generates haploid gametes from a diploid parent cell, requiring two nuclear division phases.
Mitosis
Cell division process creating two identical daughter cells, maintaining the same diploid chromosome count as the parent.
Haploid
A cell with a single set of chromosomes (1n).
Diploid
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one from each progenitor.
Fertilization
The merging of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.
Genetic Variation
Diversity in genetic composition among individuals, vital for evolutionary processes and adaptability.
Crossing Over
Genetic material exchange between non-sister chromatids during meiosis prophase I.
Synapsis
The alignment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis prophase I.
Tetrad
A formation consisting of a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids.
Gametes
Haploid reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that fuse during fertilization.
Cohesin
Protein complex that maintains sister chromatid attachment at the centromere.
Chiasma (plural: chiasmata)
The site where homologous chromosomes undergo genetic material exchange during crossing over.
Independent Assortment
The random arrangement of homologous chromosome pairs during meiosis metaphase I, promoting genetic diversity.
Ploidy Level
Determines the number of chromosome sets in a cell, classified as haploid (1n) or diploid (2n).
Sister Chromatids
Identical chromosome copies joined at the centromere.
Meiosis I
The initial meiotic division that separates homologous chromosomes, reducing ploidy from diploid to haploid.
Meiosis II
The subsequent meiotic division that splits sister chromatids, producing four haploid gametes.
Down Syndrome
A genetic disorder resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21, linked to meiotic errors.
