AP Pysch Unit 5

obsessive-compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

Obsessions

persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

compulsions

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to prevent or reduce anxiety.

Hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder with obsessions and compulsions.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety from obsessions.

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, causing clutter.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociation

A splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness.

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. .

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

A group of mental disorders distinguished by their origin in stressful events

Hypervigilance

Heightened state of sensory sensitivity to threats.

Flashbacks

Involuntary re-experiencing of traumatic events.

Insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Emotional Detachment

the state of being disconnected from one's feelings.

Hostility

the intentional use of unfriendly or offensive behavior

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Disorders characterized by persistent disturbance of eating behavior, leading to altered consumption or absorption of food that significantly impairs physical health and/or psychosocial functioning

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder marked by weight loss through starvation and fear of gaining weight.

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Paranoid Personality Disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Schizoid Personality Disorde

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Person has several traits that causes interpersonal problems, including inappropriate affect, paranoid/magical thinking, off beliefs

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

Borderline Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control

Cultural Humility

An acknowledgement of one's own barriers to true intercultural understanding.

Therapeutic Alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

Psychotropic Medication

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance

Nonmaleficence

Ethical principle of avoiding harm to clients.

Fidelity

Commitment to confidentiality and truthfulness

Integrity

Adherence to moral and ethical principles.

Psychodynamic Therapies

Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems

Free Association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Cognitive Restructuring

a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

Fear Hierarchies

feared objects, activities or situations are ranked according to difficulty. They begin with mildly or moderately difficult exposures, then progress to harder ones.

Cognitive Triad

The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

Applied Behavior Analysis

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

Exposure Therapies

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Aversion Therapies

treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors

Token Economies

A technique used in behavior therapy to reinforce behavior by giving tokens (that can be cashed in for something desirable) for appropriate behavior.

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A form of treatment in which the focus is on getting people to accept who they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Person-Centered Therapy

therapy centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems

Active Listening

the therapeutic practice of giving someone your full attention to understand what they are saying, both verbally and nonverbally

Unconditional Positive Regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Group Therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Psychoactive Medication

Medications used to change, modify, or alter an individual's behavior or mood. This general term includes antianxiety, antidepressant, antipsychotic, and hypnotic medications.

Psychoactive Medication

Medications used to change, modify, or alter an individual's behavior or mood. This general term includes antianxiety, antidepressant, antipsychotic, and hypnotic medications.

Antidepressants

drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters in the brain

Antianxiety Drugs

A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety.

Lithium

a drug used to treat bipolar disorder, which at proper maintenance dosage reduces both manic and depressive episodes

Antipsychotic Medications

Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics.

Tardive Dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Lesioning

removal or destruction of part of the brain

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions

Electroconvulsive Therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Evidence-based Interventions

treatments that have been found to be effective on the basis of valid and reliable research studies

Health Psychology

The subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Immune Suppression

Any factor that prevents the immune system from working efficiently.

Stressors

specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being

Eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal

Distress

a negative stress that can make a person sick or can keep a person from reaching a goal

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

The concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases —alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Alarm Reaction Phase

The first step in general adaptation syndrome, where your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated.

Resistance Phase

The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when there are intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt to the stressor.

Fight-Flight-Freeze Response

an involuntary, physical response to a sudden and immediate threat (or stressor) in readiness for fight (confront), flight (escape) or freeze (avoid detection)

Exhaustion Phase

third phase of the GAS, during which the body's resources become depleted

tend-and-befriend response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Well-Being

A positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction

Resilience

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Positive Emotions

Employees' feelings of joy, pride, relief, hope, love, and compassion.

Gratitude

A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation

Positive Subjective Experiences

Positive emotions such as happiness, love, gratitude, contentment, and hope

Subjective Well-Being

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

Wisdom

the ability to use knowledge and experience to make sound judgments in complex life situations

Courage

The ability to tolerate fear and move forward in life despite it

Humanity

The ability to show love and kindness to others; social intelligence

Justice

The ability to understand and fight for moral rightness and fairness in ones' larger society.

Temperance

the ability to manage habits and avoid excess

Transcendence

A state of consciousness where an individual experiences a connection to something larger than themselves, often encompassing a sense of meaning, purpose, and unity with the universe

Positive Objective Experiences

An experience that is enjoyable and based on facts, rather than personal feelings or opinions