Glycolysis: Pathway Analysis

Homolactic Fermentation

• Results in 2 lactate from 2 pyruvate as a way to recycle 2 NADH.

Alcoholic Fermentation

• Results in 2 ethanol from 2 pyruvate (forms 2 acetaldehyde) as a way to recycle 2 NADH.

Three main processes that need to occur for glycolysis `

1) Priming

2) Convert

3) ADP phosphorylation

Need to occur for glycolysis (Priming)

1) Addition or isomerization of a phosphorylation group to glucose (or fructose-6-phosphate, or other carbon molecule)

2) These phosphate groups are not lost easily from these two molecules,

Need to occur for glycolysis (Convert)

Convert these molecules with low phosphate group transfer potentials to high P group transfer potentials.

• Essentially, making the phosphate group easier to cleave off and reattach

Need to occur for glycolysis (ADP phosphorylation)

back to ATP from these high phosphate group transfer potentials.

Glycolysis (components)

1) Energy Investment phase

• Transform glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

• A six-carbon molecule is broken down into two phosphorylated three-carbon molecules.

2) Energy Generation Phase

• This Regains and doubles the energy invested in the initial phase.

• It also gives two reduced NADH molecules and 2 molecules of pyruvate

Enzymes used for energy investment, ignoring isomeration

• Hexokinase

• Glucose-6-Phosphate isomerase

• Phosphofructokinase

• Aldoase

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Glucose to Glucose-2-Phosphate

• Hexokinase (transferase enzyme)

• Nucleophilic substitution reaction (takes the third phosphate from ATP)

• Needs ATP.

Hexokinase Enzymes

• Multiple types of hexokinase

• Concentration depends on location and the desired outcome in that location

Glucose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate

• Isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate

• It is still a hexose, but two carbon atoms are out of the ring instead of one (5-ring).

• Transfer of oxygen from carbon 1 to carbon 2 (aldose to ketone).

Fructose-6-Phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate

• Enzyme phosphofructokinase (needs magnesium for a nucleophilic attack of the phosphorus atom on the gamma phosphate).

• Needs ATP

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate into two 3C molecules (are what)

• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

• Dihyroxyacetone phosphate

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate into two 3C molecules (enzyme)

• Uses aldolase (lyase) (cleaves a molecule without water)

Enzymes Used for Energy Generations

• Glycerabldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

• Phosphoglycerate kinase

• Phosphoglycerate mutase

• Enolase

• Pyruvate Kinase

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Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

• Uses Glycerabdlehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Steps:

• Aldehyde is converted from the C-O-H bond into the C-O-O bond through the use of water.

• Now that acid has extra electrons, a phosphate group is added.

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate

• Uses Phosphoglycerate Kinase (uses Transferase)

• Taking phosphate away.

• Gives ATP

3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-Phosphoglycerate

• Uses Phosphoglycerate mutase

• Movement of the phosphate group from the third to the second carbon using the enzyme.

2-Phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate

• Uses Enolase (lyase enzyme)

• Removing the hydroxyl group on the third carbon makes the phosphate group more accessible.

Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

• Uses pyruvate kinase

• Gives energy.

Auto-brewery syndrome (gut fermentation syndrome) (pathogen)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (is a yeast). Is ingested and causes the fermentation of sugars into alcohol.

Gloconeogenesis

• Similar to glycolysis but backward

• The most difficult reactions in this are the ones that attach the phosphate group.