A&P Unit 1

What is anatomy

The study of the structures of the body

What is physiology

The study of the functions of the body

What is gross anatomy

The study of anatomy with the naked eye

What is microscopic anatomy

The study of anatomy with a microscope

What are the five types of physiologies

regional, systemic, molecular, cellular, and pathophysiology

What are the six levels of organization in a human body

molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

What are the nine functions for life

separation of internal and external environment, movement, responsiveness, digestion and absorption, metabolism, excretion, growth and repair, reproduction, and homeostasis

What is motility

When substances move through the body

What is locomotion

When whole body parts move

What is responsiveness

When organisms respond to stimuli with appropriate reactions

What is stimuli

Changes in the external or internal environment

Which is easier to absorb: small or large molecules

small

Why is it easier to absorb small molecules

higher surface area to volume ratio

What is catabolism

reactions that break down large molecules to release energy

What is anabolism

reactions that build large molecules using energy

What is metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

What is homeostasis

the maintenance of stable internal conditions

How is homeostasis maintained

positive and negative feedback loops

What is the goal of a negative feedback loop

to get the body back to an original set point by reducing the impact of the stimulus

What are three examples of a negative feedback loop

body temperature, blood pH, and blood sugar

What is the goal of a positive feedback loop

To get the body to a new temporary set point by increasing the impact of the stimulus

What are three examples of a positive feedback loop

blood clotting, labor and delivery, and neuron signaling

All levels of organization in the human body are _________

interdependent

The external body covering that makes vitamin D and has receptors and glands

integumentary system

The system that enables movement, maintains posture, and generates heat

muscular system

The system that protects and supports organs and provides a framework for muscle attachment

skeletal system

The control system that responds to internal and external stimuli

nervous system

The system that pumps blood (with oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste)

cardiovascular system

The system that collects fluid that leaks out of blood vessels and houses white blood cells

lymphatic system

The system that supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide

respiratory system

The glands that secrete hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

endocrine system

The system that breaks down food into absorbable units (that enter the bloodstream) and eliminates waste

digestive system

The system that regulates water, electrolyte, and acid

the urinary system

The system that is used to generate offspring

reproductive system

What are the two main types of body cavities

dorsal and ventral

What are the two main dorsal body cavities

cranial and vertebral

What do the dorsal body cavities protect

brain and spinal column

What are the two main ventral cavities

thoracic and abdominopelvic

What do the ventral cavities protect

visceral organs

Which two visceral organs are in the thoracic cavity

heart and lungs

Which five visceral organs are in the abdominopelvic cavity

liver, pancreas, intestines, bladder, and reproductive organs

What are the three minor cavities in the thoracic cavity

superior mediastinum, pleural, amd pericardial

Which minor cavity protects the lungs

pleural

Which minor cavity protects the heart

pericardium

The right upper abdominopelvic quadrant contains

intestines, liver, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, right kidney, right adrenal gland

The left upper abdominopelvic quadrant contains

intestines, liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, left kidney, left adrenal gland

The right lower abdominopelvic quadrant contains

intestines, appendix, right ureter, right ovary and fallopian tube, right spermatic cord

The left lower abdominopelvic quadrant contains

intestines, rectum, left ureter, left ovary and fallopian tube, left spermatic cord

Forehead

frontal region

Eye

orbital region

Nose

nasal region

Mouth

oral region

Neck

cervical region

Sternum

sternal region

Arm pit

axillary region

Breast

mammary region

Belly button

umbilical region

Genitals

pubic region

Groin

inguinal region

Shoulder

acromial region

Bicep

brachial region

Crook of elbow

antecubital region

Point of elbow

olecranal region

Forearm

antebrachial region

Wrist

carpal region

Hand

manus region

Thumb

pollex region

Palm

palmar region

Fingers

digital region

Hip

coxal region

Thigh

femoral region

Knee

patellar region

Behind knee

popliteal region

Shin

crural region

Calf

sural region

Side of calf

fibular/peroneal region

Ankle

tarsal region

Heel

calcaneal region

Toes (not big)

digital region

Sole

plantar region

Big toe

hallux region

Ear

otic region

Back of head

occipital region

Shoulder blades

scapular region

Spine

vertebral region

Lower back

lumbar region

Bottom of spine

sacral region

Butt

gluteal region

Between anus and genitalia

perineal region

The head, neck, and trunk are the ____ region of the body

axial

The limbs are the ______ region of the body

appendicular

The position is farther from the midline

lateral

The position is closer to the midline

medial

The position is above

superior

The position is below

inferior

The position is closer to the attachment point

proximal

The position is farther from that attachment point

distal

The position is closer to the front

anterior/ventral

The position is closer to the back

posterior/dorsal

Cut a person into left and right sections

midsagittal section