topic 1: biochem

atom

basic unit of matter, cant be broken down by oridnary means

elements vs atoms

an element is a specific type of atom while an atom is just a plain old atom with the possibility to be something else

what do atoms consist of?

nucleus: positive protons, neutral neutrons

electron cloud: negative electrons

what are the rules for the rings in the electron cloud?

1st ring can hold 2

2nd ring can hold 8

3rd ring can hold 8

valence number

the number of vacancies an element has in its outer most ring (ex. carbon has 4 electrons in its 3rd ring so its valence number is 4)

atomic number

the number of protons an element has (ex. carbon has six protons in its nucleus so its atomic number is 6)

atomic mass

the number of protons + the number of neutrons

why do we only count protons and neutrons in the atomic mass?

because each proton and neutron has 1 mass unit, electrons barely weigh anything

what is atomic mass in grams?

1 mole of protons/neutrons = 1 gram, so 1 mole of element xyz atoms = the atomic mass of element xyz

what is the variation in hydrogens atomic structure?

hydrogen usually has no neutron so 99% of hydrogen is H-1, but 1% is H-2

ions

an atom that has more/less electrons than normal which gives them a net charge (H+, Na+, Cl-, Mg2+)

how many essential elements are there?

25, but only 6/CHNOPS are required in bulk

CHNOPS

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur

which elements are required in trace amounts?

iodine for the thyroid gland, iron for the hemoglobin, fluoride for our enamel

covalent bonds

bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms, covalent bonds are stronger and more common than ionic bonds

polar covalent bonds

the electrons are being shared unequally because atom 1 has more electronegativity than the other; so, the electrons are more attracted to atom 1’s nucleus than atom 2’s nucleus

this creates a slighty -/+ charge on each atom since the one with more electronegativity has the electrons more (its -) and the other has the electrons less (its +)

ex. H2O, H’s are + O is -

nonpolar covalent bonds

electrons are shared equally between atoms because the atoms are the about the same size or same electronegativity

no charge is created since all the atoms are sharing the electrons the same amount all the time

ex. CH4

ionic bonds

occurs between ions of opposite charges when atoms are at opposite ends of the electronegativity spectrum

ex. NaCl, Na is a cation Cl is an anion

cation

positive ions that form by losing electrons

anion

negative ions that form by gaining electrons

hydrogen bonds

arise from polar bonds because that contain a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative another atom

iondipole bonds

occurs between an atom with a partial charge and an ion (full charge)

hydrophobic forces

the force that occurs between water/polar molecule and a nonpolar molecule

ex. oil and water do not mix because water is extremely polar and wants to stick to itself, so it pushes the oil out of the way

chemical/molecular formula

tells you what is in a molecule

ex. C2H5NO2

structual formula

tells you where teh atoms are bonded together

ex. O

/ \

H H

how do you show a chemical reaction in a chemcial equaiton?

reactants → products

ex. 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

cohesion

thing that says molecules with hydrogen bonds want to stick together, allows for surface tension, very hydrophobic

adhesion

says opposites attract because of electronegativity, very hydrophyllic

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen, these are usually gases of sorts

ex. CH4 (methane), 2 H6 (ethane)

organic functional gorups

groups of atoms that occur within molecules and made specific chemical properties

• Hydroxyl OH

• Methyl CH3

• Carboxyl COOH

• Amino NH2

• Phosphate PO4

monomer

smallest unit of a larger molecules that are polymers

what is the function of proteins?

they aid in transport, storage, and membranes

what are proteins made of?

amino acids

what does a protein need to function?

at least 1 polypeptide

what is the amino acid for proteins?

R = anything else, is specific to the type of protein

what are the three main types of proteins?

collagen + keratin (structural) and enzyme (enzymatic)

what are carbohydrates made of?

sugars

what is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?

(CH2O)n, n = # of carbons in the molecule that represents carbohydrates

whata re all the “-ides” of carbohydrates?

• monosaccharides = sugars

• disaccharides = table sugar

• polysaccharides = starches, complex carbohydrates

what re lipids?

a diverse group of compounds that are mostly nonpolar and hydrophobic; they contain a polar head gorup, a phosphate, a glycerol backbone, and two fatty acid chains

ex. estrildid, testosterone, cholesterol,

what is the purpose of a nucleic acid?

to carry the cells genetic blueprint anf instructions for the cells functioning (DNA + RNA)

dehydration

reaction that links monomer molecules and releases a water molecule for every bond that is formed AKA smaller stuff is used to make bigger stuff and each time that happens water appears

ex. condensation

hydrolosis

opposite of dehydration, uses water to breka down larger molecules